The electric guitar. Hands down, one of the greatest inventions ever. If it were not for the atonal cacophony created by millions of hack amateurs, some of us would never have retreated into the world of folk music and acoustic instruments! Oh, and 34A: Gregorian chant, or at least the systematization of melodies for chant used in the Catholic Church. Pope Gregory III (IIRC) was basically responsible for both preserving already very old musical traditions AND for furthering the development of Church music, which played an integral part in the musical education of so many brilliant composers and instrumentalists. Of course, I'd select the diatonic harmonica and crawfish etouffe, but that's just me :)
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