"Oh Mary, Don't You Weep, Don't You Mourn" is a Negro spiritual that originates from before the American Civil War. The first recording of the song was by the Fisk Jubilee Singers in 1915. The best known recordings were made by the vocal gospel group The Caravans in 1958, with Inez Andrews as the lead singer, and The Swan Silvertones in 1959.

The song again became popular during the 1950s and 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. Additionally, "If You Miss Me from the Back of the Bus", written by Charles Neblett of The Freedom Singers, was sung to this tune and became one of the most well-known songs of that movement.

In 1960, Stonewall Jackson recorded a country version of the song which became a hit in the Country and Pop charts. And it was one of the highlights of the 2006 Bruce Springsteen with The Seeger Sessions Band Tour.

The spiritual's lyric "God gave Noah the rainbow sign, no more water the fire next time" inspired the title of "The Fire Next Time", James Baldwin's 1963 account of race relations in America. The Swan Silvertones' lead singer Claude Jeter's interjection "I'll be a bridge over deep water if you trust in my name" served as Paul Simon's inspiration for his 1970 song "Bridge over Troubled Water".