For those of you near either Victoria BC Geographic Museum or Chicago's Field Museum, there are some excellent exhibits of instruments built by Pacific Coast peoples.

I don't remember all of the different permutations of flutes, but most of them had fixed fipples. Many seemed to be carved from a single length of cedar, and often with intricate animal figurings. The resonant chambers included everything from simple closed cavities to ocarina to single and even some double fingered tubes.

The tuning probably varied widely, given the many different hole and cavity geometries. Some of the recorded sounds from the more complex instruments had amazingly strong sub-resonant tones.

It's well worth a visit.

~S~