Thanks for catching and correcting my error, 12 Stringer. Once upon at time, I knew it was state and not federal.   

From the lyrics it sounds like long chain charlie could also have been a convict name for the train ride that delivered convicts from their county of conviction all the up to Moundsville.   A quick look through the execution records for Moundsville, especially through the 1920's and into the 30's, reveals an inordinate number of men were hanged from the southern coalfields - Mingo and McDowell counties in particular. That would indeed have been one long train ride.

1933 may have been chosen sinply because it it rhymed, but there were three hangings at Moundsville in 1933. These were also the only three people sentenced to death in WV in 1933, as best as I can tell.

From http://www.wvculture.org/hiStory/crime/executions.html

Last Name: Brill
First Name: Omer
Number: 23526
County: Hardy
Age: 21
Race: White
Crime: Murder
Sentencing Date: June 30, 1933
Execution Date: August 10, 1933
Time Awaiting Execution: 1 month, 11 days
Method of Execution: Hanging

Last Name: Fraser
First Name: Leo
Number: 23660
County: Jackson
Age: 30
Race: White
Crime: Murder
Sentencing Date: August 19, 1933
Execution Date: November 24, 1933
Time Awaiting Execution: 3 months, 5 days
Method of Execution: Hanging

Last Name: Corey
First Name: Joe
Number: 23444
County: Kanawha
Age: 43
Race: White
Crime: Murder
Sentencing Date: March 11, 1933
Execution Date: December 8, 1933
Time Awaiting Execution: 8 months, 27 days
Method of Execution: Hanging

I'm not familiar with either song or with the term "Long Chain Charlie." I'd be interested to hear or learn more if anyone digs up anything.