Wikipedia has a nice article (by nice I mean not too technical) about calenderation (is that a word?). A quick reading did not touch on the FriSatSun phenomenon. Actually, that doesn't seem that special, as it would seem almost every three consecutive day sequence can occur five times in one month at some time or other.

BTW, the Gregorian Calendar, the one we use in everyday life, was devised in the mid-18th century, and was in general use in Europe before the end of that century.