"La mere Oie" may date back to the 1600s, but can't be traced farther back.
See this brief article, and the references at the end. It will give you a beginning.
The History of Nursery Rhymes & Mother Goose, Vikki Harris, Univ. Waterloo.

http://www.english.uwaterloo.ca/cources/engl208c/esharris.htm