Alhough already 'well kent', Sir Walter Scott quoted the "chevalier" chorus line in print as part of his famous Waverley papers/novels. Musical sketches based on Scott started to be performed on stage and in the 1820's, 'Charlie' seems to just explode in popularity. Part of the mythologising and Jacobite romanticism in the Regency-early Victorian period?

There are probably loads of heavy dissertations on that subject.