There are certainly songs related to scurvy: "According to the Act," "The Limejuice Tub." Neither would exist without scurvy. Whether that qualifies as a chantey featuring scurvy is a more complicated question.

Old Put's "Prospecting Dream" mentions scurvy, though it's not a sea song.

There are a number of songs about historical sea voyages where scurvy ensued. The best-known by far is "Lady Franklin's Lament," but I can list the others if you wish.