Next week our band is getting together to do early music, and as it's May, we are doing a 16th-Century tune called Tanzlied im Mai.

We are getting acquainted with how chords are noted in German music (small letters mean a minor chord, H is our B, B is our B-flat.) But now we want to seem even more worldly. Now we want to know the following:

How do you say "flat" as in A-flat?
How do you say "sharp" as in F sharp?
How do you say "major" and "minor"?

I figured out that fis is F#minor, but "is" doesn't look like a German word to me. Is it short for something else? And how is it pronounced?

Danke sehr.