Hi, you two,

I'm German and I hope I can help you.

Major = Dur (from Latin durus, hard) Minor = Moll (from Latin mollis, soft)

Flat = name of chord + es (for example, G flat would be ges, the "es" is pronounced like what comes after the g in "guess"), E flat would be Es (pronounced like the English letter S) and so on.

Sharp = name of chord + is: F sharp is fis (the "is" syllable is pronounced with a short i, as in "fish"), C sharp is Cis (pron. tsiss) and so on.

I don't think these are abbreviations, just a way of denoting sharp or flat. Don't know exactly, though - maybe someone else can help here.

Hope I could help you.

If you have more questions, feel free to ask!