Maritime work song in general

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 27 Jan 22 - 02:02 AM

Perigrination: A voyage, esp. an extensive one.

Steve: Seconded on the wiki. I'm no fan. And here we see people complaining about too little c.1700 English while New Orleans is neolithic. It's been a weird timeline so far, methinks we ain't seen nuttin' yet.

Here's another example of those short, spontaneous sacred chants laid over the longer generic rowing tempos.

“Ventis vela dantur, tum carina undis fertur, dextra lævaque æque tenduntur rudentes, navis etiam clavo fuo imperiofe deducitur. Modo etiam celeuma canunt nautæ, nunc aliquibus modis exfultant, nunc ludus verbis agitur, nunc carum convitium objicitur.”
[Acta Sanctorum Ordinis S. Benedicti, Vol.II, D'Archery, Mabillon, Ruinart, 1701]

Note: One should be able to limp by on copypasta and Google translate with the above.

Mystery Guest: Offered to clarify any examples. Still waiting.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 27 Jan 22 - 02:32 AM

Re Perkins: Brünnhilde’s operatic battle cry is likely more German than Norse. Best guess, Perkin's period under discussion would include the Columbanus citations above. That will get you from Ireland to Germany at least. Note the authorship/provenance issues mentioned.

Whomever, the Germanic imagery will get mashed up with the older Norse legends in various mid-19th century Wagner opera. See also: Piratical Debauchery, Homesick Sailors and Nautical Rhythms, Reidler, 2017. (same problems there as wiki tho.)

Proper citations to follow when we get there.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 27 Jan 22 - 03:19 AM

Just by the numbers, complaynts notwithstanding, the English are actually doing okay here so far. The Americans however:
1492 - Columbus' log and Salve Regina. They never visited on the Mainland proper.
1627 - Smith and the Vea, vea, vea, vea, vea galley chant in the Virginia colonies.

Did I miss anything American mentioned elsewhere on Mudcat? Anyone have anything else <1700s? In any language or application?

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Mystery Guest
Date: 27 Jan 22 - 06:04 AM

Now I've put something in the "From" box, am I any less mysterious than "Phil d'Conch"

"Proper citations to follow when we get there"?

"We"? I suspect you're travelling alone most of the time, Phil.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: Steve Gardham
Date: 27 Jan 22 - 11:02 AM

Phil,
You appear to be jumping about from your wider references to 'chanty' itself. Please distinguish between the two otherwise you lose all of us.
Anything before 1800 has no relation to 'chanty' historically. The rowing songs of the Georgia Islands c1820 have so far not been related back to African rowing chants or any others in text or tune, whilst that is always a possibility. It is more likely that the rowing songs relate to river songs and field hollers from southern slaves. As far as I'm aware these are not African related in text but are almost always in English. The main impetus for shipboard chanties came from the Gulf Ports cotton screwers c1830.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,jag
Date: 27 Jan 22 - 11:48 AM

What makes maritime work songs in general distinct from heaving/hauling/pushing work songs in general? In the case of chanteys the *connections* to work on shore seems important.

"1-2-3-pull" can be effective but might make dull work duller.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 27 Jan 22 - 02:16 PM

Me: Speaking strictly for myself. The current subject is not shanties and is not to be lumped in with shanties. Do we not agree? I think we do.

Steve: How can I say it with more clarity? Or do you disagree? I keep asking for Mudcatters' <1700AD salty job titles and glossary. Perhaps it would be better if you explained to me why lump c1700 maritime work song in general with shanties or is it vice versa?

Again: The only critical attribute is a nautical glossary. The only sort order is publishing date. The only 'hopping' is for ommissions and later English translations. I think it's your urges for "findings" never on offer that confuse you.

Again: If the 1800s sources lump it all together, you will read it here. If not, no worries. Either way, I'm the librarian, not the professor.

Shanties are "found" alpha-by-author in Music, under Folk, that's between Secular Choral and Popular and that's not my 'opinion' either.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 27 Jan 22 - 02:34 PM

Jag: See Dictionnaire de Marine, Brunel, 1702 above and
UN, DEUX, TROIS. Een, Twee, Drie. Capitaine, Lieutenant, Enfeigne.(!!!)

Ever heard of any similar c.1700 English phrases? They'll get all manner of labels in the late 1800s and early 1900s but... what the c1700 English mariner called them I haven't found yet.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: Steve Gardham
Date: 27 Jan 22 - 03:03 PM

We have several terms for these short co-ordination chants. The most common ones other than regulated RN ones are often referred to as 'sing outs' nowadays, although the word 'sing' is perhaps misleading. It is very likely that they were such simple things that they didn't have a term for them c1700, though undoubtedly they used them. Some combination of 'heave-o' or 'hauly-hi-oh' I have seen mentioned. I'm sure people like Gibb who have studied this in greater detail have examples.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 28 Jan 22 - 08:08 PM

One minor conting song mention (leadsman.) 18th century “Cotton screwing” in the R.N. and capstan driven rowing engines:

“BOATSWAIN, is a Ship-Officer, to whom is committed the Charge of all the Tackling, Sails, and Rigging, Ropes, Cables, Anchors, Flags, Pendants, &c. He alfo calls out the feveral Gangs and Companies aboard, to the due Execution of their Watches, Works, and Spells, &c.

BOATSWAIN’s-MATE, has the peculiar Command of the Long-Boat, for the fetting forth of Anchors, Weighing or fetching Home the Anchor, Warping, Towing, or Mooring; and to give an Account of his Store.

Heave the Lead; that is, to Sound, or to find where the Ship may fail, by the Depth of Waters. He that Heaves the Lead, ftands by the Horfe, or in the Chains, and fings the Depth he finds.

ROWING-engine ...A Wheel is fitted to the Drum-head of the Cap-ftan, whofe Teeth turn a Trundle-head, thro’ which an Iron-bar is run that reaches a-crofs, and goes thro’ the Ship-Side; and on its Ends without Board, at a convenient Diftance from the Side of the Ship, are faften’d two Drum-heads, like that on the Capftan in which are fitted fix or eight Paddles, fo as to be taken out at Pleafure. And at the outermoft Ends of the Paddles is faften’d an Iron-Pin, with a Head on it: by which means, and by the Help of a Cord, taking a half Turn round about all thefe Pins, both the Paddles may be twifted, or ftrain’d and ftrengthen’d fo, that they fhall all work proportionably; and alfo the Paddles may, with a Luff-Tackle, be the more handily and eafily lifted in and out, in order to be fitted into, or taken out of the Drum-heads of the Bar. Now if the Paddle's be made proportionably large, according to the Number of Men that can be brought to the Capftan, who if they but work, the Veffle may make very good Way in fmooth Water

STEEVING, is alfo a Word ufed by Merchant men, when they ftow Cotton, or Wool, which is forc’d in with Screws; this they call Steeving their Cotton, or Wool.”
[The Gentleman's Dictionary, Bonwicke, 1705]

Notes: Roughly the same evolution as keleusma-to-salomar &c.: stevazo (Greek,) stipare (Latin,) estivador (Portuguese,) estibador (Spanish,) Stevedore (English.) So far, the steeving task appears well before job English titles, chants &c. Stevedore (etymology)

The rowing engine is typical for early mechanical propulsion experiments prior to the 19th & steam.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 29 Jan 22 - 03:02 AM

Companion to the previous:

“...Steeving is likewise ufed by Merchants when they ftow Cotton or Wool, which being forced in with skrews, they call Steeving their Cotton or Wool.”
[Seaman's Grammar & Dictionary, Smith, 1691]

Note: I've kept the above apart from the earlier Virginia Colony stuff. It doesn't appear in the volumes published during Smith's lifetime. The 1691 edition was revised and updated by “B.J.”

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: Steve Gardham
Date: 29 Jan 22 - 09:11 AM

That's somewhat more useful to our studies, Phil. 'Steeving' is particularly relevant. Now what would be great would be some early references to singing whilst steeving, as we are fairly certain that one of the main sources for chantying was screwing/steeving cotton.

Taking the term back thus far is very useful. Thank-you!

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Iains
Date: 29 Jan 22 - 01:57 PM

Two Years Before the Mast is a memoir by the American author Richard Henry Dana Jr., published in 1840, (Available Gutenberg Press)
page 102 has a description of steeving hides into the ship and the whole crew bowsed the tackles home with a song.

" Two long, heavy spars, called steeves, made of the strongest wood, and sharpened off like a wedge at one end, were placed with their wedge ends into the inside of the hide which was the centre of the book, and to the other end of each, straps were fitted, into which large tackles were hooked, composed each of two huge purchase blocks, one hooked to the strap on the end of the steeve, and the other into a dog, fastened into one of the beams, as far aft as it could be got. When this was arranged, and the ways greased upon which the book was to slide, the falls of the tackles were stretched forward, and all hands tallied on, and bowsed away until the book was well entered; when these tackles were nippered, straps and toggles clapped upon the falls, and two more luff tackles hooked on, with dogs, in the same manner; and thus, by luff upon luff, the power was multiplied, until into a pile in which one hide more could not be crowded by hand, an hundred or an hundred and fifty were often driven in by this complication of purchases. When the last luff was hooked on, all hands were called to the rope—cook, steward, and all—and ranging ourselves at the falls, one behind the other, sitting down on the hides, with our heads just even with the beams, we set taut upon the tackles, and striking up a song, and all lying back at the chorus, we bowsed the tackles home, and drove the large books chock in out of sight."

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 29 Jan 22 - 02:12 PM

Needless to say, if anybody finds anything new or I leave out an existing Mudcat mention "...in general," please do post it here.

Teaser alert: My earliest 'steeving/skrewing chant' so far is from a British source. It's extempore verse, call-and-response but has no English, American or cotton and moves the existing timeline back hardly at all. Still searching.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 29 Jan 22 - 08:38 PM

“The Officers in the Navy were the Præfectus Claffis, or Admiral, and fometimes the Duumviri when two were join'd in Commiffion, together with the Trierarchus, or Captain of a particular ship, most properly of the Trireme; the Gubernator, or Mafter; the Celeuftes, or Boatfwain, and others of inferior Note.”
[Romæ Antiquæ Notitia: Or, The Antiquities of Rome, Kennett, 1696]

Note: I'll add one of these in every so often to reflect how the locals were interpreting the old job titles for themselves.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 29 Jan 22 - 08:40 PM

Show biz clamor nauticus:

“Now, being on Board, I made Observation
Of Something relating to Navigation:
For up came the Boatswain, with Countenance stern,
With a great Pair of Whiskers, and a Mouth like a Churn,
He lug'd out his Whistle, and up came the Sailers,
And all Hands aloft as nimble as Taylors:
There was Toe-le-ho, and, Boys heave away,
Whilst another was tearing his Throat with, Belay;
Then Haul Cat, Haul A damnable Yawling;
The Boatswain a Swearing, the Master a Bawling,
Helm-a-lee, ye Landlubbered Loobies;
Let go the Fore-Bowlings, ye Fresh-Water Boobies;
Haul Aft the Main-Sheet, ye Lump of a Dog,
Whist another was Singing a Tune to the Log….”
[Pax in Crumena: Or, The Trooper Turn'd Poet, Rands, 1714]

Note: It doesn't end there and, with a few minor updates, it's a serviceable 1800s American minstrel show.

Abaft the binnacle! Hatch the mizzen! Abandon ship! [Capt. Crunch]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: Steve Gardham
Date: 30 Jan 22 - 01:27 PM

Okay, at least some of these commands look genuine as observed, rather than all made up fun and games. The only slight relation to men singing at their tasks is the use of the word 'Singing' in your last line, presumably referring to the singing out of depths by the man with the lead line. Perhaps if you post the next line we can be better informed on that one. The practice was often referred to as singing which probably stems from the fact that this was such a boring but necessary task and the crew member sang it to relieve the boredom. If it is this, it doesn't relate in any way to call and response, unless other crew members were relaying the depths to other parts of the vessel.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 30 Jan 22 - 05:51 PM

Steve: Are the job titles keywords? Is the reference title, author and date correct? If yes, job done.

fwiw: I take it as a comedy. I wouldn't go deeper on Monty Python than: if audiences were not familiar with knights & castles, I fart in your general direction, isn't funny to them. It was never about real chemcial warfare in the first place.

PS: Look at your post history here. One gets the impression you're not looking or expecting to contribute period relevant sources. Fair?

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,jag
Date: 30 Jan 22 - 06:15 PM

"often referred to as singing which probably stems from the fact that this was such a boring but necessary task and the crew member sang it to relieve the boredom."

The elongated vowels give clarity. Try it over a distance or against the sound of wind or sea.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Iais
Date: 31 Jan 22 - 04:40 PM

If in shallow water it was critical to know the depth and it had to be relayed clearly in case action needed to be taken.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_H70Ap07bE

"For riverboat workers on the Mississippi, however, there was a time when sounding the water depth literally involved sound—you could even call it song. In 1939 Alan Lomax and Herbert Halpert, two well-known folklorists, recorded Joe Shores, a 52-year old river pilot for a ferryboat that ran between Greenville, Mississippi and Arkansas City, Arkansas performing what is called a “sounding call.” In the recording Shores slowly chants or sings out verses of terms for the depth of the water:

    No bottom, / Mark four, / Quarter less four, / Quarter less five, / Half twain, / Quarter twain…

    Quarter less four, / Half twain, / Quarter twain, / Mark twain, / Quarter less twain, / Nine and a half feet, / Nine feet, / Eight and a half feet."

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: Steve Gardham
Date: 31 Jan 22 - 05:02 PM

I don't know the source but if I had read that from a broadside I'd say it looked genuine enough, although it appears to be a description by someone not familiar with the scene. Yes the job titles are genuine and the language could be of 1714. I can't see anything that would make it into comedy and I've studied so-called comic pieces of the period.

I'm certainly interested in relevant sources to chanty and proto-chanty, but not in other forms of assistance to work such as practised in the RN, or of religious singing aboard ship.

Any references I come across to shipboard worksong I note, but I have lots of other interests and I don't spend a lot of time looking for them, which is why I appreciate what you are trying to do and what Gibb and Jon do very well.

As far as I can glean the taking of soundings has been common practice for many centuries in all cultures. A local version close to where I live was taking soundings with a lead line on the Dogger Bank in the North Sea to find the lucrative fishing grounds, but as Iais says it was a crucial exercise when approaching land. 'By the deep ...

As

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 01 Feb 22 - 03:03 AM

Steve: I've been corrected since I posted Rands. Epistolary poetry, so I'm told:

“The epistolary form can add greater realism to a story, because it mimics the workings of real life. It is thus able to demonstrate differing points of view without recourse to the device of an omniscient narrator. An important strategic device in the epistolary novel for creating the impression of authenticity of the letters is the fictional editor.” [Epistolary novel]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 01 Feb 22 - 03:08 AM

“14. Il a juré par fon ame, par fa vie, par luy-même. Ie te rempliray d'hommes comme de fauterelles qui vont à troupes, pour marquer le grand nombre d'ennemis qui viendront fur luy, & la chanfon celeuma, par laquelle les foldats s'exhortent au combat, fera chantée fur toy.”
[L'Explication Selon le Sens Litteral des Cinq Livres de la Sagesse, 1680]

Notes: Marching song. Not nautical. Notable for where it appears IMO: Panchatantra.

Chantée = sung. Nothing to suggest any more to it.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 01 Feb 22 - 03:10 AM

“Celeufme, m.fignifie le cry & acclamation du Comite d'une galere, par laquelle il admonéte & exhorte les Galeriens, ou à travailler, ou à defifter du travail, 't Geroep van den Bevel-hebber, die de Galey boeven, op de Galeyen ofte Roey-fchepen zittende, tot het roeyen aenmaent, of ook altemets vermaent van 't roeyen op te houden.”
[Le Grand Dictionnaire Francois-Flaman, D'Arsy, 1682]

“Schiffleut/ m.pl. hi Nautæ. Das gefchrei der fchiffleuten. Hoc. Celeu?ma, clamor nauticus.”
[Lexicon Quatuor Linguarum Latinæ Germanicæ Græcæ Gallicæ, Gürtlei, 1682]

Also: 1.5 pages on the “Alleluia” ending with the usual celeusma & chorus heliciariorum sources.
[Notizia De Vocaboli Ecclesiastici, Casarenghi, 1682]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 01 Feb 22 - 03:18 AM

“Celéuma, as Celóma.
Celóma, the Mariners Cry, when they tug at a Cable, weigh Anchor, or hoi?e Sails.
Gridáre, Gridacchináre, to cry, as a common cryer doth, to cal out, to ?hout, to hollow, to ?cream, to whine; al?o to proclaim aloud; al?o to chide, to braul, to ?cold, to contend in words.
Gridáre all'árme, to call to arms, to rai?e an alarm.
Gridatóre, a Cryer or common Cryer in a Market place.”
Salpáre. to weigh or heave Anchors.
Salpatóre. a weigher or heaver of Anchors.
Sciáre, to wit, to ken, or know by Science; al?o to cry together with one voice or con?ent, as Marriners do when the hoi?e ?ails or heave anchor; al?o to cut or furrow the Sea or water as a ?hip under sail doth.
*Siáre, among Mariners, it is to cry all with one voice or con?ent, as they do when they hoi?e-?ails, heave anchor, or row and hale backward; al?o to make a hor?e or oxe ?tay or go backward with the Carter's voice, as our Country-clowns u?e to cry, Hay, Haitor, Hoa.
*Sia, sia, be it, be it, among Mariners or Water-men, to will, or to encourage one to row backward, or to help, to hale and heave anchor.
*Siázza, the crying of Mariners together, to encourage one another.
[Vocabolario Italiano & Inge?e: A Dictionary, Italian and English, Florio, 1690]

Note: Revised & expanded from 1659ed., above.
The gridatóre is the future French-Caribbean griot of calypso. The grievance theme is also present.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 01 Feb 22 - 03:21 AM

“celóma, le cry des mariniers, quand ils veulent ancrer.
celomáre, la crierie des mariniers.
[Dittionario Italiano, E Francese, Oudin, 1693]


“CELEUSMA, atis. n. Afeon. Pæd. of Celeuma, atis. n. Mart. Keleusma. Een bevel, of teeken, 'r welk de bevelhebberen aan matroozen en roeyers met monde, of een fleuitje gaven, om dit of dat fcheepswerk te doem. Sommige zeggen, dat dit het geluid is, welk de roeyers te gelijk geven, om te toonen dat zy alle vaardig zijn, en om den anderen tot volvoeringe van het bevolene aan te potren.”
[Dictionarium Latino-Belgicum, 1699]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 01 Feb 22 - 03:24 AM

“CELEUSTES. Operæ precium fa?turus videor, ?i hanc etiam vocem cum remigis ?ignificantione explicem. Celeu?tes autem dicitur, qui remiges hortatur, qua?i navigationis moderator: qui à Plauto Latine hortator appellatur, quod ea hortmenta faciat, quæ verbo Græco celeuƒmata dicuntur etiam à Latinis. Hoc vero celeu?ma, quod celeuma dicitur, in navibus cla??iariis affa voce interdum, interdum tibia canebatur, ita ut remiges pro modulorum atque harmoniæ ratione vel concitarent, vel inhiberent remos. Pædianus autor eft, canni remigibus celeuma per ?ymphoniacos ?ervos ?olitum olim e??e, & per a??iam vocem: id e?t, ore prolatam, & (ut in Argo navi) interdum per citharam. Cicero in Verr. A?t. i. Ab hac muliere Præfe?tus Antonii quidam ?ymphoniacos ?ervos abducebat per injuriam, quibus ?e in cla??e uti velle dicebat. Quem locum Ciceronis A?con. P?dianus exponens: Po??umus, ?aquit, intelligere ad hoc ?ymphoniacos ?ervos capi ?oler, ut in cla??e cla??icum pugnantibus canant: undeip?fitubæ cla??is, cla??icum nomen e?t po?itum/
        CELEUMA ITEM, ut nautæ, faciunt Helciarii: id e?t, qui onera funibus moliuntur: vel qui naves deducunt, ?ubducuntue, ad officia invicem ?e?e adhortantes, ut uno connixu pariter con?pirantes, admoliri univer?is viribus po??int, quod ?ingulis nequent: ut ?ieri ?æpe vidimus Venetiis in loco, qui lingua Veneta Douana vulgo appellatur.”
[Thesaurus Graecarum Antiquitatum, Gronovio, 1701]

Note: Forgot to post the wiki with the previous mention - Cithara (also – kithera.)

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 01 Feb 22 - 03:25 AM

“Hortator nautarum, remigium: Celeu?tes, e: ?ive is. Budaus. Navigationis ?cil. Moderator, qui remiges ?igno vocali exhortatur: Pau?arius. Sen. idem cum Celeu?te, ni?i dicamus hunc e??e, quem vulgus nauticum appellat, Sottocomito. Et qui requiemq; modumque Voce dabat remis animotrum hortator Epopeus. Ovid.3.met Ma?tx nauticus; nam ferè coa?tos remiges ma?tige ad nautica compellit opera, Aguzino di galera.
[Synonymorum, Epithetorum & Phrasium, Serræ,1701]

Note: Aguz(z)ino can translate as either “officer” or “torturer.” Eek!

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 01 Feb 22 - 03:27 AM

Identical definitions in two texts:

“Het teeken 't welk de bevelhebbers gaven aan de matroozen, of reilers met monde of een fluitje, om het een of 't ander fcheeps werk to doen. Celeufma, atis n.g. Afeon. Pæd. Vel celeuma, atis n.g. Mart.”
[Woordenboek der Nederlantsche en Latynsche Tale, Hannot, 1704]
[Le Grand François-Flaman de Les termes & manieres de parler touchant la Marine & la Navigation, Witsen, 1704]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 01 Feb 22 - 03:49 AM

"Informational chants" - Date: 22 Mar 20 - 01:02 PM., (above.)

Typical: "...one always gazes at the compass, and chants a kind of sweet song, which shows that all is going well, and in the same tone he chants to him that holdeth the tiller of the rudder, to which quarter the rudder itself ought to be moved:..." [Fabri, 15th century]

The Greek sounding kontus can be found on the walls of Egyptian tombs. It's the pilot's badge of office. At other extreme is Harry Belafonte's Mark Twain.

The American auctioneer's chant (Danville System) is supposedly from the same place as all of the above. Still checking the sources.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 04 Feb 22 - 04:45 AM

More backtracking:

“celeufna, vel celeumam, atis, neut. genr- L'enhortment des mariners, ou autres gens qui s'efforcent de faire quelque chofe.
celeuftes, celeuftæ, m, ge. Tel embarteur & donneur de courage.
paufarius, A Seneca vocatur qui remigibus modos dat & remigandi officium quadam quafi paufa moderatur.”
[Dictionariolum Latino Gallicum, 1602]


“Sirenum vox illa, quæ timebatur, erat blanda quidem, non tamen publica: at hæc quæ timenda eft, non ex vno fcopulo, fed ex omni terrarum parte circumfonat, & quafi grato celeumate ad vela explicanda, & rudentes expediendos inuitat…

...Seu nouercali laceret procellâ
Naufragam puppim, canit expeditus
Sarcinus vitæ, mediis im undis
                Dulce celeuma:

METRICA PARAPHRASIS
...Dum portum inuehimur, quifquis es, ulsimo
Menten aduerte celeumati.”
[Speculum Vanitatus, 1635]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 04 Feb 22 - 04:48 AM

“Gridatore] proclamator
Celeufma, tus, vel celeuma, matis, ne. ge. Mart. Grido unite di più perfone, come di Marinari à fare qualche loro opera.
Celeuftes, ftæ, mal. ge. Bud. Chi coforta i Marinari al navigare.
Clamatorius, ria, rium, Pli. Gridatore.
[Perfectissimus Calepinus Parvus Sive Corre?tiffimum Di?tioarium, Mirani, 1705]


“Quitanos los efclavos, y con fu Rofario nos ata y encadena en los abismos! Profiguio la galera fu rumbo, y divifando los navegantes las coftas de Bretaña, empezaron alegres à cantar el Rofario, como dulce y celeftial celeuma: y llegando del Puerto, hallaron en falvo quanto del vagel avian arrojado al mar en la tormenta.”
[Historia de la Vida de S. Domingo de Guzman, Miguel, 1705]

Note: Another spontaneous “Land ho!” celeusma reference.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 04 Feb 22 - 04:50 AM

“Celeuma.
Vocatur Keleusma, Celeuma, feu Celeusma, ùt in Græco fcribitur, clamor & cantus, quo pariter laboranties fe mutuo excitant as ftrenuè agendum, v.g. nautæ feu remiges ad remigandum, milites as pugnandum, vinitores as torcular promendum. Semper in Vulgata Ceuleuma cantatur, ùt patet Jerem. 25.30. Jer. 48.33. Jer. 51.14.”
[Dictionarium in Quo Voces Omnes Difficilioris Significationis, Quae in Vulgata Nostra S. Scripturae Latina Translatione Occurrunt, Dilucide Explicantur, Bukentrop. 1706]

Note: Same treatment of scripture as Calvin et al with soldier "songs & shouts" added to the dialog.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 04 Feb 22 - 04:51 AM

“Celeuma, for Celeufma.
Celeufma, atis, n. The Mark-word given to keep time when the Seamen do any thing together. g.
Celeuftes, æ, m. he that makes that Noife, or Encourageth the Seamen. g.
A Halfer, Helcium.
A Halfier Helciarius.
Helciarius, ii. n. he that tows a boat or ship. *Helciarius equus, a drag horse.
Helcium, ii, n. A Horfe-collar, drawing Harnefs.
A Mafter-rower, Paufarius.
A Warpe [Sea-word] Helcium.
A Hawser, Helcium.”
[A Dictionary English-Latin, and Latin-English, Coles, 1707]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 04 Feb 22 - 04:57 AM

“Celebro, Celeber, à… hortor, cohortor, undè & Celeufma conclamtio, &c.
Celeusma, atis. n….. hortamentum, fpecialiter nauticum. Verbale à…. fut. Prima præt… hortor, impero.
Celeuftes, a. m. ?…. hortator fpecialiter remigum,...”
[Scientia Latinitatis, Hertling, 1708]

Note: Greek text omitted.


“Celoma. Der Schissoneschen Freuden Geschren mann sie anlanden. Freuden Geschren. Acclamzione, Celoma.
Schreyer. m. Gridatore. v. Marckschreyer.”
[Dizzionario Italiano – Tedesco, Tedesco – Italiano, Castelli, 1709]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 04 Feb 22 - 05:03 AM

“As I was a Boatfwain's Mate, I had the Command of about 200 Men in the Ship, and it was my Place, to fee that the Men attended, and were prefent at the time of Worfhip; and I was diligent in the performance of that Service; and when any refufed to obey my Command, in that respe?t, I endeavour'd by force to compel them.”
[The Fighting Sailor turn'd Peaceable Chriftian, Lurting, 1710]

Note: Possible reason for R.N. style ban on boatswain's lyrics on watch.


“CELOMA, Een bevel of teeken, 't welk de bevelhebberen aan matroozen en roeijers met monde, of een fluitje gaven, om dit of day fcheepswerk te doen.”
[Il Grande Dittionario Italiano et Hollandese, Giron, 1710]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 06 Feb 22 - 06:36 PM

Schiff-Lied/ celeusma, celoma, grido de' marinari per allegrezza.”
[Das Herrlich Grosse Deutsch-Italianische Dictionarium, Vol. 1, Kramer, 1700]


“celeufma, atis. Vel celeuma, atis, n. grido per animare i marinari.
clamor, ris. grido
exclamatio, f. efclamazione. grido.
exclamo, as. gridare, efsclamare.
Oh. grido di dolore. alle volte di allegrezza.
vociferatio, f, grido.”
[Regiæ Mercurij Conclave Latino-Italicum, Anguselli, 1710]


“Ammattare, terme de marine, appeller ou crier à haute voix.
Celóma, le crie fe Mariniers, quand ils veulent ancrer.
Celomáre, la crierie des Mariniers.
a Crída, à haute voix, publiquement.
Cridatóre, crieur.
Gridatóre, crieur, criailleur, criard.
Grido, cri, bruit, renommée, plur. grida.
Iava, terme de marine, pour dire, l'on fait déja ce qui eft commandé.
Iffáre, iffer, hauffer, en terme de marine.
Oiffa, le cri du marinier pour iffer.
Stipatóre, un qui entaffe, qui charge les marchandifes, ou qui les ferre.”
[Dictionaire Italien et François, Veneroni, 1710]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 06 Feb 22 - 06:50 PM

Ahoy (greeting)

Most of the dictionaries above include interjections not cited here. Here is that full Thesaurus Polyglottus (above) list of variations on the Latin heus:

“??u.
?ebr. oi, o, ah.
Latin. oi, xoi.
Latin. heu.
Italie. oime, hai.
?ifp. hay.
Gall. helas.
German. en/even/ach/aves
Belg. ach.
?ng. allace, ach,alas eh, lord god.
Sclav. pre??m?ne, ?uuc, oh, jomene
Dalm. vay, oboy.
??lo. owe, biada.
Lufat. a'via.
Boh. Ach, ah, auwe, beda.
Hung. yay, ok.
?rafil. yere,ake eeli aka, hovaj.
?alae. bevan m?ra.
Iavenf. Ba vanaban.

Heus
Heb. hoi.
Græc. [...]
Lat. heus.
Ital. oli, o.
Hifpan. he.
Gallic. he, vien, ou, venez.
Germ holla/loh/hoscha.
Dan. heyhey.
Ang. holach, hoë hoe.
Belg. houghy.
Schav. hasha.
Polo. tichoicane.
Tur. jaha.
Hangai. halláde.
Brafil. nein.
[Thesaurus Polyglottus, 1613]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 06 Feb 22 - 06:52 PM

“CELEUSMA, <keleusma, genit. celeufmatis. n. Afcon-Ped. Mart. Cry des Matelots, pour s'encourager à l'ouvrage ou certain fignal donne avec quelque inftrument de Musique pour le mefme effet. Coup de fiffet, pour animer les Rameurs & les Mariniers au travail.
HELCIARIUS, genit. helciarii. m. Mart. Qui tire un bafteau avec une corde.
Helciarius. Apul. Un Bourrelier. m.
HEU, Cic, Helas! Ah! Ha! *Heu ma miferum! Ter. Ha que je fuis miferable!
HEUS, (Interje?tion pour appeller quelqu'un.) Terent. Hola. *Heus tu? Terent Hola, à quoy penfes-tu? Que distu?
HORTATOR, genet. hortatoris m. Cic. Qui exhorte, qui encourage à une chofe.
PAUSARIUS, genit. paufarii. m. Sen. Comite de Galére. m. Qui commande aux forçats de ramer ou de s'arrefter.”
[Magnum Dictionarium Latino-Gallicum, Danetius, 1711]

Note: Hola, à quoy... (see previous)

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 06 Feb 22 - 06:57 PM

“Celeufme] Keleusma exclamation, cry & admonition des nautonniers à haute voix, por fe donner courage. liv. 4. chap. 22.”
[Oeuvres de Maitre François Rabelais, Vol. 16, Bordesius, 1711]


“CELEUSMA, & Celeuma. Vide Alleluja, Scenopeja.”
[Hierolexicon, Sive Sacrum Dictionarium, Magri, 1712]
Note: “See Alleluja,” (another ˜1.5 pages not transcribed.)


“...Scribit Sidonius 1, 2. Epist. nautis in primâ Ecclefia ad Portum appellentibus folenne fuiffe canere Alleluja.”
Refponfantibus Alleluja ripis.
Ad Chriftum levat amnicum celeusma.
[Thronus Veritatis Evangelicæ Sex Gradibus Sublimitatus: Sive Festivale Sextuplex, Jamaigne, 1712]

Note: Sidonius in the original Latin. See chorus helciariorum, Farrar et al &c (above.)

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 06 Feb 22 - 06:58 PM

“CELEUSMA,… genit, celeufmatis, n. Afcon-Ped Mart. Cry des Matelots, pour s'encourager à l'overage, ou certain fignal donne avec quelque inftrument de Musique pour le mesine effet. Coup de fifflet pour animer les Rameurs ou les Mariniers au travail.
HEI. (Interjection d'un homme qui fe plaint.) Ter.. Ha, helas.
HELCIARIUS, genit. helciarii. m. Mart. Qui tire un bateau avec une corde, comme fur la riviere de Seine & fur la Loire.
Helciarius. Apu. Un Bourrelier. m.
HORTATOR, genit hortatoris. m. Cic. Que exhorte, qui encourage à une chofe.
PAUSARIUS, genit. paufarii. m. Sen. Comite de Galére. m. Qui commande aux forçats de ramer ou de s'arrefter.”
[Magnum Dictionarium Latinum et Gallicum, Danetius, 1712]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 10 Feb 22 - 05:31 AM

“Celoma, le cry des mariniers, quand ils veulent ancrer, das Schreien der Schifleuten / waun sie andern wollen / celeufma.
Celomàre, m. la crierie des mariniers, idem.
Crìda, per grìda, cry public, der offentlidie Ausruf / proclamatio publica.
à Crìda, à haute voix, publiquement, in hoher erhabener Stimme / voceftentoreà, fonorà, altà.
Cridàre crier, ruffen / clamare, exclamare.
Cridatòre, m. crieur, der offentlidie Austruffer / proclamator, præco.
Oiffa, le cry du marinier pour iffer, ... / vox nautica, qua velorum expanfio jubentur.”
[Il Dittionario Imperiale, Veneroni, 1713]

Also: Grìda, gridànte, gridàre, gridàta, gridatòre, grìdo, iffa &.
Dictionaire Italien et François, 1710, above.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 10 Feb 22 - 05:35 AM

Ҡ Celeuma, pro Celeufma; Afcon.

* Celeufma, atis; n. ... I. Hortamentum, Non. Five juffum. Sal… jubeo; unde &… I. hortator, Enn. juffor. Gl, ut fit adhortatio portifculi. Celeufma, nauticus eft clamor ad hortandum, Serv,… Mart. The Fhout or noife which Mariners make when they do any thing together with a joyned ftrength, at which times the cry, Ho up? or when the falute others with a What cheer? or when the Mafter calls and encourages them.

* Celeuftes, æ… m. Bud…, ijuffor, GI. hortator, Plaut. Qui Lat. portifculus die. The boatfwain; he that calleth on Mariners, to hearten them in the bufinefs.

Helciarius, rii; Mart. Qui navi onera funibus molitur…. An hafter, or he which haleth and draweth a fhip or barge along the river by a rope; a pug, a barge-man: alfo one who draws or pulls up any burden with cords.
        *Helcium, ii; n. Apul…. The harnefs of a cart-horfe, an horfe-collar, where-by he draweth in the cart, a trace.

HEUS: vocandi adv…. Ho! Do you hear? Fo ho! Alfo alas! Vir.

Hortatius, a, um; Quint… Exhortatory, incouraging.

Horator, oris; m/ verb. Cie. Suafor, au?tor… An encourager or advifer Hortator fcelerum, Ovid.

Pausarius, ii; m. á paufa… That officer in the ship who gave time to the rowers, and order to begin and leave off by words or figns. Paufarius voce remigibus modos dans, Sen.

To SHOUT or make a shout or cry. Conclamo, acclamo.
To fhout for joy Jubilo
A fhouting. Acclamatio, f.
A fhout. Clamor, m.
A fhout for joy Jubilum.
A fhout of soldiers when both armies joined. Barritus, ûs.
A fhout or noife that mariners make when they do anything together. Celeufma, n.
To give a fhout, or set up a fhout Clamorem tollere.

Stipator, orls; m. verb. Cie. à Stipando... di?t à Stipe, quam mercedis nomine acciplunt, Feft. An attendant or one of the Squires of the body; the guard; alfo one that lays in fuch fardels as are to be carried in a fhip; a Stower of goods.

Stupa...
        Stipando: omn. À gr…. The coufe part of flax, tow, hards, ockam to clk fhips with, Serv.
Stuparius, a, um; Plin… Of or belonging, or ferving to drefs or beat tow or hards withal”
[A Latine Dictionary, Littleton, 4th ed. 1715]
Adam Littleton (1627–1694.) Another heavily revised and updated posthumous edition.


Notes:
Greek & Hebrew text omitted.
Steeving (stipa) etymology refers to shipyard caulker. The early definitions are for court guard or attendant.

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 10 Feb 22 - 05:39 AM

“CELEUSMA, cri de plufieurs perfonnes, chant de réjoüiffance que font les mariniers, quand ils prennent port, ou qu'ils aprochent de la terre. Il en est parlé en trois endroits de la Prophetie de Jerremie: Rugiens, rugiet fuper decorem fucem: celeusma ,quafi calcantium concinetur, adversùs omnes habitatores terre, faifant allufion aux chanfons de ceux qui foulent les raifins, ch.25. v.30. Dans le ch.48 v.33 il dit. Qu'il a ôré toute la joïe du Carmel, qu'il a fait répandre le vin des preffoirs; & que celui qui foule les raifins ne chantera plus ces cantiques accoutumez: Nequaquam calcator uva folitum celeufma catabit.
[Le Grand Dictionnaire de la Bible, Vol.I, Simon, 1717]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 10 Feb 22 - 05:41 AM

“CELUMA. (Termo Nautico.) Vizeria dos marinheiros. Celeufma, atis. Nuet Mart.
A Celeuma medonha fe levanta
No rude marinheiro, que trabalha.
        Camoens. Cant. 2. Out. 25. Vid. Faina.
[Vocabulario Portuguez, & Latino, Vol.B-C, Bluteau, 1713]


“FAINA, Fàina. (Termo Nautico) A vozera, com que os marinheiros fe incitaõ a fazer o feu officio refpondendo, ou repetindo vozes a hum, que as entoa fó, para final de que rodo a huma maõ, ponhaõ o hombro, ou peyto ao trabalho. Celeufma, atis. Neut. Afcon. Pæd. Celeuma, atis, Neut. Martial. Nauticus clamor, is. Virgil. Fez moftra de fua, guerreira Armada, &c; & feytas as Fainas. Lemos, Cercos de Lisboa, pag.48. Commentãdo eftes verfos de Camoens, Cant.2.oit.25.
        A Celeuma medonha fe levanta
        No rude marinheiro, que trabalha Diz Manoel de Faria, En Eftilo Nautico fe llama Faena das bombas. Britto, Guerra Brafilica, 150.”
[Vocabulario Portuguez, & Latino, Vol.F-I, Bluteau, 1713]


“SALAMALE. Vid. Salema.
SALAMEAR. Termo de Marinheyro. Fazer a Saloma, ou Salema. Vid Salema. Vid. Fayna.
SALEMA. Vozaria de Marinheyros. He derivado da palavra Grego-Latina Celeuma. Vid. Fayna. (As Salemas ordinarias dos Marinheyros fe fazem com taes vozes, que não faõ ouvidas muytas vezes. Britto, Biagé do Brafil, pag.278.)
[Vocabulario Portuguez, & Latino, Vol.Q-S, Bluteau, 1720]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 13 Feb 22 - 02:54 AM

Foreword: Panegyric verse or chant is not work song or call-and-response &c. Included for its future linkage to French-Caribbean calypso chantwells &c.

c.1700AD, the French word griot is still defined as the Morello Cherry (Prunus cerasus.)

I've not found any earlier Portuguese, French, Latin music related etymology for the African Guiriot mentioned here. (ie: criado &c.)

“The word may derive from the French transliteration "guiriot" of the Portuguese word "criado", or the masculine singular term for "servant." Griots are more predominant in the northern portions of West Africa.” [Griot]

“Quoy qu'ils n'ayent ny efprit, ny talent, ils aiment tant les loüanges, qu'ils ont des gens appellez Guiriotz, qui n'ont d'autre métier que celuy d'en donner. Les Guiriotz portent des efpéces de tambours longs de quatre ou cinq pieds, faits d'un tronc d'arbre creufé, qu'ils battent ou de la main, ou avec des bâtons. Ils ont auffi des Tambours à la Morefque, qui reffemblent à un Corbillon d'Oublieur, traverfez par des petites cordes qu'ils touchent d'une main, pendant que de l'autre ils le frapent d'un bâton…. (p.120)

Les Guiriotz accordent ces differens inftrumens au fon de leur voix peu mélodieufe, & chantent ainfi les loüanges des perfonnes confidérables. Celles qu'ils leur donnent d'ordinaire, c'eft qu'ils font grands Seigneurs, riches, auffi puiffans que les Blancs qui font les grands efclaves du Roy, & en un mot une infinité de pareilles fottifes. (p.122)

Ceux-ci font ravis de ces éloges, & récompenfent largement le Guiriot qui aura dit quelque bon mot pour eux. Ils pouffent même fi loin la reconnoiffance à cet égard, que je leur ai vû ôter jufqu'à leurs habits pour en payer ces fades & fauffes loüanges. Quand ils manquent à récompenfer ces coquins, il les décrient, en publiant d'eux dans les Villages autant de mal qu'ils en ont dit de bien, ce qui eft le plus grand affront qu'ils puiffent recevoir. (p.122)

C'eft pour eux le comble de l'honneur quand le Guiriot du Roy chante leurs loüanges, auffi eft-il bien recompenfé: car ils lui donnent jufqu'a deux & trois bœufs, & enfin la meilleure partie de ce qu'ils ont. (p.123)

Ces Guiriotz s'avifent auffi de chanter nos loüanges, en criant que nous fommes grands, riches, & Seigneurs de la mer. Mais ils ne trouvent pas leur compte avec nous, qui n'en fommes pas fi friands que les Negres. (p.123)

Alors on promene cette paigne dans le Village accompagnée de plufieurs Guiriotz, qui chantent les loüanges de la femme & le bonheur du mary. (p.144)

...Voyant qu'il ne répond point, ils s'en vont, & font place à d'autres qui en difent autant, pendant que les Guiriots ne ceffent point de chanter fes belles qualitez. (p.146)

...Les hommes s'exercent à la luite, & font en s'approchant des poftures ridicules, & en fe montrant le doigt, le poing ou le pied. Dans cette occafion il y en a toûjours quelqu'un qui fait le Guiriot, & qui frappe fur un chaudron, ou un tambour pour les encourager. Comme ils font nuds, ils ony bien de la peine à fe terrasser. Quand un l'eft, le Guiriot vante la valeur du victorieux, il l'exhorte à faire encore mieux contre le champion qui fuit celui-là. Ils fe donnent de rudes fecouffes, & le vaincu tombe lourdement. (p.155)

Les Guiriotz avec leurs inftrumens & leurs tambours, celebrérent les loüanges du victorieux, en lui difant, Tu meritois mieux cela que l'autre, le Roy t' a fait juftice, tu es plus beau, plus riche, plus vaillant, &c. (p.169)

...Ce revers de fortune fit changer de ton aux Guiriotz, & ils loüerent celui qu'ils venoient de blâmer. Telle eft la perfidie du Prince & de fes fujets. (p.170)

...Ils marchent fans aucun ordre de bataille, même dans le païs Ennemi. Les Guiriotz les excitent au Combat par le fon de leurs inftrumens.” (p.177)
[Les Voyages du Sieur Le Maire aux Iles Canaries, Cap-Verd, Senegal et Gambie, Dancourt, 1695]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 13 Feb 22 - 02:55 AM

“Though they have no Wit, or any Talent of a Genius, yet they are exceffive Lovers of Praifes and Adulation; fo that there are a fort of People call'd Guiriotz, whofe bufinefs it is to perform this piece of Service. Thefe Guiriotz carry a fort of Drums near four or five Feet in length, made of a hollow Trunk of a Tree, which they Beat either with their Hands, or with fmall Sticks. There are alfo Morefque Drums, refembling Baskets, crofs'd over with little Cords, which the finger with one Hand whilft they strike with the other…. (p.82)

Thefe Guiriots Tune thefe feveral Inftruments to their Voice, which is very harfh; and they Sing Panegyricks of their Men of the beft account. The general Topicks are, that they are great Lords, Rich, and as Puiffant as the White Men, who are great Slaves of a King and, in a word, an infinite number of fuch foolifh expreffions. (p.83)

Thefe Perfons are Transported with theit Elogies, and largely recompence these Guiriots, who sing their Praifes. They make their Acknowledgements at fo great a rate, that I have seen them ftrip themfelves to reward these falfe and fulfom Flateries. When thefe Varlets mifs of their expected Fees they fall a railing, and pubifh in the Villages as many bafe things as they can rip together angainft them, contradicting whatever they had faid good of them; which is look'd upon to be the grandeft Affront imaginable. (p.83)

...'Tis efteem'd a very great Honour when the King's Guiriot Sings any ones Praifes and he never fails of a good Reward, they fometimes giving 2 or 3 Bullocks, and often the best part of their Goods. (p.83)

...These Guiriots do not omit the Singing the fame ftuff to us, crying, That we are Great, and Rich Lords of the Sea; but they fcarce find it worth their while amongft us, fince we are not fuch fenfelefs Boobies as the Negers. (p.84)

...Afterwards they walk about the Village, carrying this Cloth in Proceffion, being accompany'd with feveral of the Guiriots, who Sing the Praifes of the fair Lady, and their Wedding Joys. (p.96)

...Seeing he can get nothing in answer, he withdraws, and makes room for another, who fays as much: In the mean time the Guiriots do not fail of finging his Encomium. (p.98)

The Men Exercife themfelves in Wreftling, and approach each other in very ridiculous Poftures, holding up their Fingers, Fist, or Foot. On thefe occafions they always have one that plays the part of a Guiriot, rattling upon the bottom of a Kettle, or upon a Drum, to excite their Courage; as they are Naked, they have much ado to fling each other upon the Ground. When one is down, the Guiriot Sings and extols the Valour of the Conqueros, and exhorts the reft to play their Parts againft the Champion, better than he that engag'd last…. (p.103)

The Guiriots, with their Inftruments and the Drums, Celebrated the Priafes of the Victorious, faying to him, You Merit this Dignity far beyond the other, and the King has done you nothing but Juftice: You are by much the finer Man, more Rich, more Potent, and more Valiant, &c. (p.112)

...This Reverfe of Fortune foon chang'd the Notes of the Guiriots, and they began to Extol him they had before Decry'd. Such is the Perfidy of the Prince and the Inftability of his Subjects. (p.113)

...They march without any order of Difcipline, even in the Enemy's Country. The Guiriotz excite them to Combat by the found of their Inftruments.” (p.117)
[A Voyage of the Sieur Le Maire to the Canary Iflands, Cape-Verd, Senegal and Gamby, Dancourt, 1696]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 13 Feb 22 - 03:03 AM

Chantwell: Southern Antillean Chantymen

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 13 Feb 22 - 03:23 AM

“Celeufma, fcheepzang, fchippersdeuntje."
[Woordenschat, Meyer, 1720]

“HÓU, in Hóu, celeufma, eheus!, Hóubootsman, celeuftes' Hóulyk, Hóulyken, en Hóubaer, nubilis; zie daer van bij 't volgende HóUD, in deze Proeve.
De Wortel-en Zaek-deelen…
...Voorts Hóu! celeusma, eheus! een geroep om iemand aen- of op- te houden; waer van Hóu-bóótsman, celeuftes; als zijnde tot zulk Hou-roepen aengeftelt;..."
[Aenleiding Tot de Kennisse van het Verhevene Deel der Nederduitsche Sprake, Kate, 1723]

“Antreiben. Incitare.
Antereiber. Hortator, excitor, instigator
Reizer, Instigator, instinctor, allector, hortator, stimulator.
Schiffleuthen gefchrey. Celeufma."
[Dictionarium Latino-Germanicum, Frisius, 1723]

Subject: RE: Maritime work song in general
From: GUEST,Phil d'Conch
Date: 13 Feb 22 - 03:29 AM

“Celeufma. oris, n. g. A mufica, ou alarido nautico do marinheiros; ou cantar de lagareiros; item, pê de quatro fyllabas breves. I. b. Mart. 3. 67.
Celeufmaticus a, um. Cousa de grita de marinheiros. I. 2.4.b.Græc.
Celeuftmatieus pes. Pê de quatro fyllabas breves. Cath.
Celeuftes, æ. m.g. O comitre, ou piloto, ou o que com gritos excitaos os marinheiros. I. b. Græc.
Celeustos, i, m. g. A dança I. b. Amalth.
Grita. Clamor, oris Conclamtio, onis.
Grita de Navigantes. Celeufma, atis.
Gritador. Clamator, oris.
Gritadora. Vociferans, antis.
Gritar. Clamo, as Vociferor, aris
Grito. Vociferat o onis Vociferatus, ûs.
Salamear os marinheiros. Celeufma acclamare.
[Prosodia in Vocabularium Bilingue, Latinum, et Lusitanum, Pereyra, 1723]