"The last I heard, shipping was by far the most polluting (in terms of dirty emissions) and inefficient mode of transport." Dept Transport 2002 Truck $0.37ton/mile Rail $0.03ton/mile Air $4.63ton/mile water $0.10ton/mile Emissions ton/mile - Air cargo - 0.8063 kg of CO2 per Ton-Mile - Truck - 0.1693 kg of CO2 per Ton-Mile - Train - 0.1048 kg of CO2 per Ton-Mile - Sea freight - 0.0403 kg of CO2 per Ton-Mile - Zeppelin - 0.0887 kg of CO2 per Ton-Mile While it is true bunker fuel is heavy oil and squirts out multiple pollutants the values have to be considered in terms of ton/miles of freight shifted. Refining bunkering oil would seem a sensible way forward but would require international agreement because obviously there is a cost implication." Sulfur and nitrogen compounds emitted from ships oxidize in the atmosphere to form sulfate and nitrate. Emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) will lead to enhanced surface ozone formation and methane oxidation, depleting the ozone"
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