The cycle of fifths is really something different. These chord change intervals are sequential non-diatonic fourths. The function of each chord changes from dominant to secondary dominant and can lead to resolution on the tonic irrespective of where you start. Did this type of sequence occur before the 20th century? It's all over the place in the US by the 1910s and 20s. Blind Willie McTell talked about learning 'Pal o' Mine' in 1917. Pal o' Mine uses this sequential non-diatonic fourth interval sequence. That's a really clumsy mouthful but they are not fifths. Inverted fifths maybe but still, when did this use start?
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