Russell Sanjek wrote (in his American Popular Music and Its Business: The First Four Hundred Years, Vol. II (From 1790 to 1909), Oxford UP, 1988, p. 308):

There was also his [i.e., Joseph K. Emmett's] awareness of the experience of J.W. Lingard, one of the first famous female impersonators, a Briton who introduced his song "Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines" to America. Emmett had worked with him in the first years of the song's popularity and had seen how American publishers took advantage of the copyright laws to capitalize on public demand for Lingard's song. As a non-American, Lingard could not secure copyright. Twelve of the twenty members of the Board of Music Trade violated their own self-imposed "courtesy of the trade" agreement and simultaneously brought out Lingard's fellow Englishman George Leybourne's "Champagne Charlie," in 1867, when it was being sung in concert saloons and by street singers and heard from all the thousands of street hand organs.