Another aspect -- ugly -- were the "draft riots." During the U.S. civil war, these riots in New York were thinly disguised anti-black Irish gang violence with up to 100 killed and 1,000 injured, some in horrific circumstances.

Quote: "While competition for jobs was a source of hostility between many ethnic groups, no other group was so brutalized and dehumanized as Black people. Gangs of young men who fought each other over turf and honor, turned vicious and murderous when fighting Blacks. The "draft riots" were little more than a pogram [sic]."

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