re: Aramaic
There are no current Aramaic speakers. However, the language survives in its written form and is used in several prayers in the Hebrew liturgy.

The theory that anyone who has a Jewish parent is Jewish is an incorrect gereralization. Under Hebrew law, only the child of a Jewish mother is Jewish. This is being modified, mostly within the Reform movement.

Until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and through most of the period until the establishment of the Israel, the vast majority of the Arabs living on the land were tenant farmers, under their sheiks and Ottoman governors. When the Zionists came to the land, they bought it from the Ottomans and the Sheiks, who moved the Arabs our of the way.

The currently accepted "legal" borders of Israel are not those set forth in the United Nations plan. They are the borders Israel was able to win prior to the 1948 ceasefire.

Finally, the word "Hebrew," derives from "Ivri" a word meaning "wanderer."