The Mudcat Café TM
Thread #98094   Message #1940106
Posted By: Azizi
17-Jan-07 - 10:43 PM
Thread Name: Folklore: Minstrelsy and Irish Music
Subject: RE: Folklore: Minstrelsy and Irish Music
African American slavery in the South has been closely associated with plantation life. Yet many enslaved African Americans in the South did not live on plantations. For instance, it was a revelation to me to read [in a chapter about African American clothing in the 18th century] that there were thousands of African Americans living in Charlestown {West Virgina?}on the late 18th century:

"Opportunities for acquiring additional clothing were always more
numerous in urban areas. Here, the scope for conspicuous display was larger, and the ability to earn extra money greater. Particularly was this true in Charlestown. In 1772, the "Stranger" percceived a great Difference in Appearance as well as Behavior, between the Negroes of the Country, and those in Charles-Town". Although the former were "generally clas suitable to their Condition', the latter were 'the very Reverse-abandonedly rude,unmannerly, insolent and shameless". The concentration of several thousand African Americans, many of hwhome were allowed virtually to fend for themselves, hiring out their own time and hustling around the markets, contributed to the striking dress and demeanor of Charleston blacks"...
-snip-

[and with regard to African American slavery in the North]:

"This aspect of African American culture [the aesthetics and creation of African American clothing fashion]probably attained its most heighened expression in the garb of the principal characters in Pinkster, Negro Election Day and General Training. These slave festivals, which occurred sporadically in the eighteenth century throughout New England, New York, and New Jersey, usually lasted for one or two days in May or June, though Pinkster could occupy a week. The rituals varied considerably from place to place and over time, but typically a slave-usually called a King or a Governor and usually African-born-was in charge of proceedings and slaves from the surrounding area gathered to drink, eat, gamble, listen to music, and dance. Generally, all slaves attending attired themselves in their best clothes, but, inevitably, most attention was focused ont the candidates for office and on the black Kings and Govenors, who often borowed items of clothing, ane dven swords and horses, from their owners in order to create a spectacular visual display."

Source: Shane White & Graham White's 1998 book "Stylin'-African American Expressive Culture from Its Beginning to the Zoot Suit" {Cornell University Press,p. 15; p. 18}

-snip-

See also this excerpt from http://www.hudsonvalley.org/pinkster/ode.html

"PINKSTER ODE, ALBANY, 1803

Copied by Geraldine R. Pleat and Agnes N. Underwood

[Editor's Note: One of the treasures of the State Library at Albany is a pamphlet containing the following Ode, perhaps the earliest description of a folk festival in the United States. On the day following Pinkster (Pentecost or Whitmanday) the Negroes of Albany held revels on Pinkster Hill, the approximate site of the present State Capitol. Gradually the celebration extended far into the week until in April of 1811, the Common Council of Albany passed rules aimed at "boisterous rioting and drunkenness"—rules which were the knell of the Pinkster holidays with their African folk dances. King Charley, the great Negro drummer and master of ceremonies, died in 1924, when he was said to be one hundred and twenty-five years old. He is certainly one of the important figures in American folklore. Folklorists and historians will be interested also in the other members of the crowd which swirled around old Charley, but it is also to be remembered that those who danced on Pinkster Hill were Negroes and nearly all of them slaves. (Slavery in the State was not completely abolished until 1827.) The whites were spectators.]"...

-snip-

Of course, this is only a partial response to the subject of venues for proto-minstrel Black American dance. I've shared this information not to sidetrack the conversation about minstrelsy and Irish music [which I was finding quite fascinating] but to respond to a question asked me.

Fwiw, I believe the question about Black dance in 18th and 19th century-before blackface minstrelsy became the rage [I mean that word 'rage' both ways]-to be relevant to this discussion because it can help us better understand American minstrelsy which was imported throughout the world & had such a large and lasting influence [even to this day] on show business and other performing arts.