The Mudcat Café TM
Thread #99545   Message #1987181
Posted By: Q (Frank Staplin)
05-Mar-07 - 01:21 PM
Thread Name: BS: Cherokee Vote on Freedmen
Subject: RE: BS: Cherokee Vote on Freedmen
As WYSIWYG says, it is a complicated matter.

Tribal leaders never consented to the Dawes Commission findings. Tribal leaders refused to negotiate, and an act of Congress (Curtis Act, 1898) authorized the Dawes Commission to proceed with enrollment allotments without tribal consent (The real purpose was to take over tribal lands and dole out 40-acre plots to those on the inflated list).
The Dawes Committee opened land offices within each tribal nation. A single commissioner with a large staff operated from 1898 to 1914.

The experiences of the Chickasaw Nation with the commission bear repeating (Littlefield, D. F., "Chickasaw Freedmen," Greenwood Press is a useful reference for part of the story).
When the Chickasaw emancipated their slaves in 1866, they were given the option of enrolling former slaves as citizens, but if they did not, the United States agreed to remove the Blacks from Chickasaw territory. The Chickasaws refused to adopt the freedmen, but the United States did not keep its agreement to remove them.
The Curtis Act abolished enforcement of the laws of the Indian tribes and enrollment proceeded.
The number of freedmen enrolled ballooned as descendents and false claimants were added; by October 1898 there were more freedmen than Chickasaws.

General G. M. P. Turner, a Creek addressed the Dawes Commission in these words:
"Egypt had its locusts, Asiatic countries their cholera, France had its Jacobins, England had the black plague, Memphis had the yellow fever ......, Kansas had its grasshoppers, but it was left for the unfortunate Indian territory to be afflicted with the worst scourge of the Nineteenth century, the Dawes Commission. When God, in the medieval days of His divine administration, first conceived the grand idea of building worlds, making governments and creating judiciaries, He never contemplated the Dawes Commission. If He had, He would have shrunk with horror, quit His job and left the world in chaos."
In reports of the time (June 17, 1897), the Muskogee Phoenix editorialized: "... Those conversant with exact conditions of affairs in the Cherokee Nation do not hesitate in admitting that in the event of an agreement, breaking up tribal autonomy, there will in all probability be assassinations and bloodshed and riots far-reaching and disastrous in their effects."
There are feelings of resentment now towards outsiders, but they will be repressed and controlled, limited to legal means to try to regain control of the 'rolls.'

I haven't seen later data, but by 1914, the list of applications had ballooned to over 100,000.

The Cherokee Nation is trying to restore some sense to the 'rolls.'
I wish them luck and favorable courts.