Late addition-
The current Traditional Ballad Index gives the date 1872, and mentions the Fisk Jubilee Singers. In J. B. T. Marsh, 1880 ed., "The Story of the Jubilee Singers," No. 36, p. 158, "This Old Time Religion," four verses and chorus, lacks any verse about hebrew or heathen children.
I do not have an earlier edition, but I doubt that changes were made in the lyrics.
The Trad. Ballad Index mentions the Hebrew children verse, but does not clearly indicate where it appeared. Perhaps in Tillman, 1891?