As with cases of exorcism, FGM, 'honour' killing, forced marriages, wife-beating etc etc, some immigrants commit the most ghastly crimes and abuses when in the West. But I feel that in order to stamp this out and prevent the suffering of the vulnerable, it is wise to try and understand ( but not subscribe to) the beliefs, religions and cultures behind the acts. And Education is the key. (There speaks a lifelong teacher!) In one generation it should be possible to change views and remove superstitions, if the youngsters are influenced by more modern standards. Even in Africe this is happening, thank goodness. Twenty years ago, (in Ivory Coast) my six sisters-in-law were seized by their uncle and several aunts, and pinned to the floor while a neighbour removed everything external in an infibulation operation, using a rusty razorblade and no anaesthesia. My husband remembers their screams. (I often wonder how the sixth felt, having waited until it was her turn.) They have all had children of their own, and none of their daughters have undergone FGM. They have also all chosen their own husbands, rather than have marriage forced on them. This excellent change is due to education, Government programmes and a more modern view of Islam. One wonders how a loving parent could inflict such agony on a child, but millions have and do, because they believe it is necessary. A combination of stringent law-enforcement and education should win through (IMO)