The locution "Jewish state" in fact probably derives from the influential late C19 book called The Jewish State, in which Theodor Herzl, a non-observant Jewish reporter who had covered the Dreyfus trial, argued the necessity of such an entity, having been shocked by the widespread antisemitism revealed by the case of which he had previously been unaware. Herzl is thus widely regarded as the actual progenitor of the Zionist* movement.

≈M≈

*in the erstwhile merely political sense, rather than the oddly tendentious recent pejorative application, with its overtones of nationalistic belligerence. I belonged in my early teens, eg, to an organisation called the Federation of Zionist Youth, whose aim was simply to establish that state which ultimately came about when I was 16, and not to kill anyone or commit any other atrocities -- 'Zionism' then constituting a 'house', as the Good Book sez, of 'many mansions' [which we nowadays would call 'rooms'].