There are a few other ways to steal votes.

Remember the hanging chads? The voting card can be two vertical columns with hole punched on the right of each (or left) or down the centre with locations adjacent. Laid-out to disadvantage those unfamiliar.

Locate polling stations to favour certain boroughs. And its cousin Gerrymandering.

Postal/online votes are a pretty good vector, I can remember one country managed more votes than there were registered voters in regions.

Then there is Fake News, and getting into bed with the arch architects thereof. Or pissing-off a nation who have their favourites, (and close their doors to the vector they use - the internet).

Didn't Dubya win by a few hundred thousand?