You aren't going to get the kind of answer you want, Marion, because it isn't that simple--There are many genres of music, and each use a fair number of scales--it is possible to make a list that each of the genres uses, but there would always be exceptions--And, even if you could make the generalizations, they wouldn't do you as much good as you might think, because, depending on the genre, knowing the type of mode or scale that is used won't automatically tell you which chords to use, and where to use them.

Greg makes two very important points, first, that there is not much difference between some of the modes(making it very difficult to determine which is which by ear) and that different musicians may play the same melody in different modes(so chords that would work for one version might not work for another)--and these lead to an important third point, and that many types of traditional music were not traditionally played with a chordal accompaniment--

Chordal accompaniments, at least of the kind that we are used to(with tonic and dominant harmonies, and the circle of fifths/fourths) come from the composed, classical music that was written by Western composers in what is called "The Era of Common Practice" which ran from the fifteen or sixteen hundreds until around nineteen hundred--the composed melodies that we know(including classical melodies, marches, and popular music) were written with the rules for creating chordal accompaniments in mind(and actually were usually written with chordal accompaniments) but traditional melodies were not(often, in traditional/folk/ethnic music traditions, melodies were played by melody instruments in unison, in some cases accompanied by drone instruments), and often have elements that make creation of a chord arrangement difficult, especially by ear and on the spot--

All of this is a round-about way of saying that, while it may be possible to lay out some rules for creating chordal accompaniments, it is a would be a very advanced aural/theoretical skill for an individual to be able to sit in with anyone. playing any sort of music, and just come up with a viable chord arrangement--

Best to pick a genre, and work out and learn the chords to the most common tunes--once you've got a couple of sets worth of tunes down cold, you'll be able to follow tunes in the same genre that are unfamiliar--that's pretty much what most other musicians do--