See thread 9197, with which this one ought to be combined: Uncle Ef's

The song ("Brother Ephus" in the DT, cobbled or put-together by Hedy West, is derived from several minstrel and Negro folk songs and spirituals. The first verse has been reported since 1909 (Mississippi), but parts are much older. Newman L. White, 1928, American Negro Folk Songs, p. cites fragments under the title:
BROTHER EBEN'S GOT A COON

Uncle Eph'm got the coon and gone on, gone on, gone on.
Uncle Eph'm got de coon and gone on,
And left me watching up de tree.
White says this verse was used as a refrain after a stanza that had antecedents in several old minstrel books.
This same song was reported by Scarborough, 1925, from Virginia (Brother Ephram).

BROTHER EBEN'S GOT A COON

Brother Eban's got a coon,
And gone on, gone on,
Brother Eban's got a coon,
And gone on, gone on.
Also reported by White, Durham, NC, 1919 from Ms.
White comments that "While hunting coon is almost unknown in the Negro folk songs of today, it was a commonplace in the old minstrel song books of the 1840s and 1850s," p. 223, 1965, reprinted by facsimile from the edition of 1928.
As already pointed out, the verse about stealing watermelon appears commonly:

Some folks say dat er preacher won't steal,
But I caught one in my cornfield.
He had er bushel, his wife had er peck,
De baby had a roastin' ear hung er round his neck.
Reported from Alabama, 1915-1918, "sung by cornfield Negroes." From White, (see above), p. 372.
An older one:
Some folks say dat niggers won't steal,
I kotch one in my cornfield.
I ax him 'bout de corn, he call me a liar,
I up wid a chunk and knock him in de fiar.
White says that the version possibly came from the tidewater region of VA or NC, where "chunk" means to throw. The verse above is from "Negro Singers' Own Book, 1846(?), p. 411, in 'Whar You Cum From', by J. B. Harper, the "Celebrated Delineator of Comic and Aethiopian characters." It is probable that this song is "responsible for many others, including numerous blues, beginning 'What Some Folks Say.'" Quoted from White, p. 270, reference given above.
The last three lines of another:
But I caught three in my cornfield.
I ran dem through a pine thicket,
Stove my head in a yellow jacket nest.

and:
I caught two in my tater fiel',
One had a shovel and the other had a hoe,
If that ain't stealin' I don't know.
(The first from NC, the second from AL).

"Where you goin', Moses," is related to:

Whar you goin', buzzard;
Whar you goin', crow?
Gwine down to de low groun'
To git mah grubbin' hoe.
According to White, this could be a verse from the old Jim Crow song used by Thomas D. Rice in the 1830s (named for an old slave, Jim Crow, met by Rice in Louisiana).
There are a number of verses that the one about the slippers is related to:

What kind of clothes do the angels wear, Ugh! Ugh!
What kind of clothes do the abgels wear, Ugh! Ugh!
Oh, my --- etc., an "upstart crow" from the Negro spiritual,
"What Kind of Shoes Are You Going to Wear," see Negro Spirituals, or the Songs of the Jubilee Singers, No. 47, ed. T. F. Seward, pre-1900.

Similar verses in "Negro Folk Rhymes," Thomas W. Talley, 1991, Univ. Tennessee Press.