Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!

Subject: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Joe Offer
Date: 28 May 98 - 08:23 PM

As I was wandering the Web on this rainy California afternoon, I came across Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music. I couldn't believe all the good stuff I found there. The sheet music is in JPG format, and it's a little hard to read - I'd be interested in suggestions for enhancing the legibility. Here's part of the blurb explaining the story of the collection:

The Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music consists of over 26,000 pieces of American popular music. The collection spans the years 1780 to 1960, but its strength is its throrough documentation of nineteenth-century American through popular music. The collection is especially strong in music spawned by military conflicts from the War of 1812 through World War I, and minstrel music is also well-represented. Other topics include music about the circus; dance; drinking, temperance, and smoking; fraternal orders; presidents; romantic and sentimental songs; schools and colleges; and transportation. For a full description of the 38 topical categories in which the collection is arranged, see The Guide to the Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music.

Lester Levy assembled this collection over a 55-year period. In addition to the sheet music, he collected early songsters and a music reference collection which are part of Special Collections at the Milton S. Eisenhower Library of The Johns Hopkins University. The songsters and reference collection are cataloged on Janus (or Horizon?), the Eisenhower Library's online catalog. Mr. Levy used his collection for his own research, and it is the basis of his four books: Grace Notes in American History: Popular Sheet Music from 1820-1900 (1967); Flashes of Merriment: A Century of Humorous Songs in America (1971); Give Me Yesterday: American History in Song, 1890-1920 (1975); and Picture the Songs: Lithographs from the Sheet Music of Nineteenth-Century America (1976).
The over 26,000 pieces of music in the Levy Collection are indexed on this site, and images of the cover and music are available for pieces of music more than 75 years old.

It's really frustrating to see the blank spots for images of music that's not 75 years old, though. I guess you can blame this find on El Nino, but I guess I'd better get back to work. I did talk to the boss on the phone while I was surfing.....
-Joe Offer-

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: rich r
Date: 28 May 98 - 10:19 PM

Joe,

Some of that old sheet music is realy fascinating. I haven't gone to the web site yet, but I have a copy of the "Flashes of Merriment" book you mentioned (1971 Univ. of Oklahoma Press) and another book that contains original sheet music for 64 songs along with background information, "Popular Songs of Nineteenth-Century America" by Richard Jackson (Dover 1976)

rich r

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Dale Rose
Date: 28 May 98 - 10:56 PM

You are right, Joe. I have been there for about the last two hours, just like a kid who had just discovered the candy store. I found it fascinating, exploring the music of George F. Root, Will S. Hays, and on and on . . .

Another good place, but not nearly so comprehensive is the University of North Carolina (better pictures of the sheet music, though)

Thanks again for one of the most useful places I have seen for the sort of research I have been doing lately.

I do have some ideas on the legibility issue. I will let you know if I get it to work for me.

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From:
Date: 29 May 98 - 03:20 AM

Great find, Joe.

I think the photographs that were scanned to make the JPEG were a bit fuzzy. Also the sources themselves look like they weren't in the best condition.

Anyway, there is a shareware program called "xv" which is designed to manipulate digital images--including JPEG. You can change the sharpness, contrast, color, etc and see the results. I downloaded one of the files and played around with it to get it slightly sharper, but I don't know what I am doing. Someone with more experience with manipulating images might do better.

The program is a UNIX one, but I have heard that there is a Windows version around. I got my copy at The source You can nose around there for other platforms.

Murray

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Jack (who is called Jack)
Date: 29 May 98 - 09:38 AM

Joe

Dont forget to add this site to the links page for future mudcatters to find.

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Joe Offer
Date: 30 May 98 - 02:01 AM

Would Joe Offer forget a thing like that, Jack?
Well....I might, but I didn't. It's a good reminder for all of us to provide links, and to make use of the links page.
-Joe Offer-

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: dick greenhaus
Date: 30 May 98 - 11:50 AM

Joe, I don't know how to thank you! It's a wonderful site; Levy did some fabulous work, and I was afraid it was all lost.

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Richard Wright
Date: 30 May 98 - 02:48 PM

Joe; Great find. Is it my technological illiteracy or is there a way to view the lyrics on the site. Certainly what I get on the GIF or JPeg files can't be read.

Richard

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Joe Offer
Date: 30 May 98 - 03:11 PM

Yeah, Richard, I certainly would like a little better resolution. I can read most of it when I blow it up to full-screen size on Lview, but it's tough. I tried enhancing the sharpness with Lview, but even that was minimally successful. The music seems to come through better than the lyrics. On my browser, the music fills about half a screen, and it's just barely legible. This is a wonderful resource, but it's gonna make all of us into squinty-eyed geeks. Has anybody had better luck fine-tuning the resolution?
Some of it is fine, though. Anybody have any trouble reading this example?
-Joe Offer-

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From:
Date: 30 May 98 - 08:21 PM

That example is quite clear, Joe. As a matter of fact, I was looking for that song a while ago. Did you enhance it, or is that the way it came?

Lview seems to be equivalent to the "xv" I mentioned. I tried with one that was watermarked and blurry with little success.

Dick, work with the JPEG file rather than the GIFF. The later is geared to a fixed numbr of pixels. If you try to, for example, enlarge it, you will just get bigger "dots" (albeit square ones) and the result will look like a tiled floor.

Murray

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Joe Offer
Date: 30 May 98 - 08:38 PM

Hi, Murray - the "example" link I posted is right there at the sheet music Web site, so it has not been enhanced. The quality of about half the pages I looked at was excellent - it's the other half that's frustrating. Here is an example of one of lesser quality, but I can still read most of the words fairly well. Of course, the other frustration is music that's less than 75 years old, and not displayed on the site. Looks like they have it all set up to display additional music as soon as it's 75 years old. But a search under Kern or Gershwin or Mercer is really frustrating.
-Joe Offer-

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Frank McGrath
Date: 30 May 98 - 09:09 PM

Amazing find!

Many Thanks Yet Again Joe.

Some of the JPEG files are a bit iffy.
I think I shall write to them for more information regarding better quality JPEGs for certain files and if they are available.

Looks like there will be many years of fun and exploration to be had delving into this vast and valuable collection.

Frank McGrath

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From:
Date: 30 May 98 - 11:08 PM

I wonder if Richard's question was not about fuzziness of lyrics, but about how to reach them. I can only get to the history and biography pages. I can't find the link to the collection anywhere. Is it my browser or am I also technologically illiterate?

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Joe Offer
Date: 31 May 98 - 01:42 AM

Nathan - The introductory page I linked to is a bit confusing, since the links on the bottom of the page don't all work. The fancy-script words in the middle of the page are links, and you have the choice of viewing the songs via links on cover art thumbnails, by box and item number, or by searching. I would have thought the thumbnails would be the most enjoyable way of browsing the collection, but the cover thumbnails link only to the larger versions of the cover art, and don't go on after that to link to the actual music.
-Joe Offer-

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Bill D
Date: 01 Jun 98 - 02:47 PM

have been at a festival all weekend and had no time to look at this, but now I am playing...

I have a number of graphics programs, but the one which looks like it will really help is "Paint Shop Pro"...it is one step below Adobe PhotoShop, but will do almost anything you & I are likely to need...a lot of it automatically...I saved one page from the site and loaded it in PSP, and found a menu of 'filters' which will enhance graphics in several modes...it really seemed to make a difference...

the program I have is a 16 bit shareware version which is probably a couple of years old...they have even newer versions now that are quite sophisticated..I am trying this for awhile till I can afford to invest...(it does not 'expire' in this version...it is, I think, intended to whet your appetite for the fancy version...)

anyway...I think that it might allow enough enhancement to let us read the trickier of the scans...

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: dick greenhaus
Date: 01 Jun 98 - 03:50 PM

So far, my clearest results have been in Pagemaker--I can blow a page up to page size. Part of the problem is that there seems to ber some print-through from other pages; I'm going to try Photoshop on this to see If I can increase contra

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: McGrath
Date: 01 Jun 98 - 03:54 PM

Hi Folks.
Following is an email I just received from a very helpful person connected with the Lester S. Levy Collection.

Subject: Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music
Date: Mon, 01 Jun 1998 11:26:23 -0700 (PDT)
From: Joan Grattan
To: [e-mail]

Mr. McGrath:

I am responding to your original message to Cynthia Requart related to the Levy Collection online. We are pleased to know that you found it helpful. The person who is overseeing the filming project has been informed about the blurred image you found. Hopefully this will be corrected very soon.

In the meantime, if it would be of help, I could photocopy the music and mail copies to you.

Please let me know the title (Box # item# if possible), and I will send copies out to you. Your address would be useful as well.

We do have a procedure for photocopying music, and I'll include the information for requesting by mail. Our charge is $0.25 per page.

Please let me know if I can provide additional information.

Joan Grattan
Manuscripts, Special Collections
Milton S. Eisenhower Library
The Johns Hopkins University

[e-mail]

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Dale Rose
Date: 01 Jun 98 - 06:16 PM

Here is a site that is better than either the one Joe found, or the one I added. That's because it is a summary from Duke University of ALL the known sheet music sites. And, as they say, if you know of any others, let them know!

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From:
Date: 01 Jun 98 - 08:20 PM

I can read the "Paddle" one pretty well Joe, although it is blurred, and it would probably be a strain to read a lot of them that way.

The one I played with was box 10? where ? is some digit not too large. It is "Buddy can you spare a dime". That one consists of sheet music and lyrics, and I can't bring out the verse printed in the middle.

The 75 years might have something to do with copyrights, Joe

Frank, That sounds good. I think a lot of the trouble can be solved with better photographs to begin with.

Murray

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Dani
Date: 02 Jun 98 - 07:55 AM

Just today found the time to read this thread and explore. Wouldn't you know, since all my life's a circle, that on this very day I am headed to the music library at UNC, which I just discovered, and which has the sheet music for a song I've been desperately seeking. And here it is in my own backyard!

Wow.

Now, does anyone have a line on how I can get permission from James (not B.) Taylor to USE this song I seek?

Dani

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Bruce O.
Date: 02 Jun 98 - 11:38 AM

Thanks Jie, I knew about the collection, but not that it was on the internet. I'm at a loss though. I've wanted to see Box 30, Item 10 (Drimandoo, or search for 'Owenson') for a long time, but I get three icons and get 'no file' when I click on them. Other versions are on my website. Words for her (Sidney Owenson) translated version of "Ned of the Hills" are on my website, but I didn't know her tune before.

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Joe Offer
Date: 02 Jun 98 - 03:39 PM

Hi, Bruce - I think maybe McGrath's message partly answers your question - I get the impression that some of the music isn't displayed for two reasons:
1. The project isn't quite done.
2. For copyright reasons, music newer than 75 years old isn't being displayed (apparently, if the song is more than 75 years old, even though the printed publication isn't, they'll display it - some of the displayed music has photos of performers still alive)

Looks to me like maybe nothing in the box you're interested in has been put on display yet. apparently, though, they're willing to mail copies for 25 cents a page. As shown in McGrath's message, their e-mail is [e-mail]
-Joe Offer-

For those who might be interested, making a clickable e-mail address is almost like making a clickable web link, but you have to add mailto:
To make my address clickable, I'd just substitute angle brackets for square ones in this:
[a href=mailto:[e-mail]]-Joe Offer-[/a]

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From:
Date: 02 Jun 98 - 09:17 PM

With my browser, the Lester site shows a "broken" icon for the files that are not there. You can look for that and save trying to download those files

Murray

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Big Mick
Date: 02 Jun 98 - 09:39 PM

Joe,

Fantastic find, I wish something like this existed for irish popular music.

By the way, I pulled up your example, "Brother, Can You Spare A Dime", and didn't have any difficulty reading it, although it was small. The letters and notation were clear.

I am going to spend hours playing around in this one.

Mick

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Barbara
Date: 03 Jun 98 - 10:50 AM

Hi, I'm Barbara

How can I get a look at this music?

My e-mail is baking2northatlantic.nf.ca

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Ralph Butts
Date: 04 Jun 98 - 04:45 PM

I've worked a bit on these images and found a few problems, both of which are made worse by poor originals:

1. The JPG's are at 72 pixels per inch. This is only monitor-level quality, not suitable for printing. It's common to scan an image at twice the resolution of its intended use, so the ones back at the library might actually be better, just compressed for faster transmission. Note - a 150ppi image would be 4 times as large.

2. Music pages themselves are done in greyscale or color instead of monochrome. This is why poorly printed characters get fuzzy and the background is full of grey blotches. Monochrome would produce a sharper (and smaller) image.

Using Adobe Photoshop or equivalent, an experienced editor can clean out the background haze and sharpen the characters (somewhat), but it's labor-intensive and still limited to 72 ppi.

If I can figure out a quickie procedure to do this, I'll put it on the forum - maybe offer to convert a few for you.

For the first person to respond, I'll work on your selected song (4 pgs max, please) and post the before and after images on my web page.

......Tiger

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Bill D
Date: 04 Jun 98 - 07:31 PM

if the goal is just to be able to read the pages and learn songs, rather than print perfect copies, the various programs mentioned can help...I haven't found anything yet I couldn't read ok with CompuPic and Paint Shop Pro and a little magnification...both of these have built in algorithms which do some 'cleaning' and enhancing of fuzzy images...not as good as the serious tricks Ralph is referring to, but adequate...and maybe the site will eventually do some re-scanning along the lines he suggests.

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Frank McGrath
Date: 05 Jun 98 - 10:32 AM

Here is the latest email I received from Lester S. Levy Collection explaining their dilema with jpeg files. I understand their problem and I must say they are very responsive and willing to help. They seem to be a really great group of individuals who genuinely love their project.

Subject: Re: Lester S. Levy Collection
Date: Fri, 05 Jun 1998 08:42:17 -0700 (PDT)
From: Cynthia Requardt [e-mail]
To: Frank McGrath [e-mail]

Mr. McGrath- Thank you for the kind words about the Levy Collection. It is indeed a treasure and we are glad that more people will be able to enjoy it now that it is online.

The quality of the images is an ongoing debate. We chose the resolution we did so that the images would load more quickly. Due to the state of networks currently, we were afraid users would be more frustrated by large files that took so long to load that we kept the files small.

Our long term plan is to load higher resolution images as the speed of networks increases but that will probably be some time.

We had always intended the online database to be a reference source not a substitute for the originals, We can provide photocopies wheneverthe online image is difficult to read. I have asked my colleague Joan Grattan to be in touch with you about copies.

***********************************************************************
Cynthia Requardt Kurrelmeyer Curator of Special Collections
The Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore, Md. 21218
Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone] e-mail: [e-mail]
***********************************************************************

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Bruce O.
Date: 25 Jun 98 - 06:10 PM

In a note I made up on the song and tune "Pretty Peggy of Derby, O" (in DT file FYVINOTE) I mentioned a traditional song, "The Iron Merrimac", sung by Judge Learned Hand on Library of Congress Folksong LP AFS L29, A2. The original seems to be "The Monitor and Merrimack" in the Levy collection in box 193, item 153. (Do bibliographic search on 'Monitor and') However, with my browser in JEPG, I can't really read much of it, and it has 9 verses compared to Judge Hand's 3. Can anyone else read it? The tune called for on the sheet song is the one that Judge Hand sang it to.

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Bill D
Date: 26 Jun 98 - 12:43 PM

well, Bruce, you did pick a dandy one!! That blue ink and poor original printing are a pain...I used 3 different enhancement programs on it and can read about 90% (with educated guessing on some of the rest..) I guess on this one, asking for a copy from the archives may be best..if you want some preliminary guesses... or to see it on my screen, you know how to find me...*grin*

Subject: Lyr Add: THE MONITOR AND MERRIMACK
From: Artful Codger
Date: 25 Apr 07 - 07:58 PM

Here's my reconstruction of the Levy text. I've indicated the more dubious words by query marks, though I wouldn't lay money on the absolute accuracy of the rest, either.


THE MONITOR AND MERRIMACK
Air--Landlady of France

Way down at Fort Monroe
The Rebels struck a blow
Which made a great commotion through the land we know :
Bet they wish they'd stayed at home
And let the Yankee boys alone--
?Bet they've got enough of Yankee Doodle Dandy, oh.

Their ?iron Merrimack
With others at her back,
Commanded by Buchanan, the old granny, oh,
From Norfolk started out,
And tried to put to rout
And capture little Yankee Doodle Dandy, oh.

The noble little band
On board the Cumberland,
All ?disabled, was asked to surrender, oh
"You may sink me, if you like
But my flag I will not strike,"
Says brave Morris, "in the last, we will defend her, oh."

The Congress ?soon went down
The Minnesota fast aground
Which made our Yankee sailors feel abandoned, oh
But see, with breathy cheers,
The Monitor appears,
While the music struck up Yankee Doodle Dandy, oh.

The rebel shot flew hot,
But the Yankee answered not.
Till they got within a distance they called handy, oh--
"Now," says Worden to his crew,
"Boys, let's see what you can do--
If you take this iron rebel you're the dandy, oh."

Then the little Monitor
Her iron ball did pour,
Which made the Merrimack squeal like a ?gandee, oh--
Then the rebels shook their heads,
And to one another said,
"Lord, they've got an iron Yankee Doodle Dandy, oh."

Says the rebels, "We're undone,
Boys, I guess we'd better run,
For the bottom of the river is quite sandy, oh--
We're sinking fast, I swear,
So for Norfolk we will steer,
And DAMN that iron Yankee Doodle Dandy, oh."

Raise your voices, every one--
Give three cheers for Ericsson,
Who gave us such a vessel, neat and handy, oh--
And now we'll give three more
For the gallant Monitor,
And three we'll give for Yankee Doodle Dandy, oh.

And now the Merrimack
Has been blown to ?[Helly Heck],
We'll give three ?rousing cheers, so neat and hardy, oh.
Next John Bull will get his fill--
For let the world say what they will,
The Yankee Boys for fighting are the dandy, oh.

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: dick greenhaus
Date: 25 Apr 07 - 08:08 PM

A pretty straightforward rewrite of The Constitution and the Gurriere" which was, in turn, a pretty straightforward rewrite of The Chesapeake and the Shannon.

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: GUEST,.gargoyle
Date: 25 Apr 07 - 08:15 PM

Thank you for refreshing this thread - ROSE your Duke University still works almost ten years later (I can envision a Mudcat of the green future all lovingly cared for by BOTS&SPIDERS - when a request for "Mandolin Sheet Music" by an IdJet - whoop!!!! gives an automatic referal to a real reference.

Published this month - IBM has developed a memory device, the size of shoebox, that can hold half the Library of Congress.

JPG - sharpening is easy with Photoshop - Contrast/Brightness/Sharpen .

Sincerely,
Gargoyle

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 26 Apr 07 - 03:22 AM

A couple of Joe's links to things he couldn't read, that were implied to have been at 72 dpi 'way back then, now download as 300 dpi. Depending on your printer, 150 dpi should be good enough to print as close as you'll get to an "original quality" copy, but 300 dpi is good with better printers - which now are much more common. The 300 dpi level makes it a lot easier to make useful "improvements" to the images.

It's apparent that they've kept their promise to upgrade the resolution as the web has picked up speed.

Gargoyle doesn't mention whether "sharpening is easy" applies to the older versions, but I agree that Photoshop is the right tool. Photoshop Elements includes everything you need for manipulating existing images, but omits the Photoshop tools for creating artwork. Elements (PSE) is still fairly reasonably priced if you're serious about working picturesl but it's no longer quite as "reasonable" as when they were introducing the program, when with rebates you could get it for $40(US). I haven't looked recently, but it's probably still less than $200(?) from discounters.

For the couple of images that Joe linked as examples - probably now higher res than they were when he posted the links - I found a lot of improvement with simple Saturation and Contrast adjustments. A program like Photoshop Elements that lets you adjust Contrast separately for each color would be helpful on ones like the pink "cover sheet" sample.

Levy, Duke, and the Library of Congress American Heritage Collection are much better known now, and we keep using them. There are a couple of other US University collections that are useful, but less easily searched. Someone needs to dig up comparable sites for British pop music - especially perhaps the "Music Hall" stuff, unless I just missed the link(s).

John

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Charley Noble
Date: 26 Apr 07 - 04:00 PM

Excellent! Thanks for the update.

Charley Noble

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Artful Codger
Date: 26 Apr 07 - 11:17 PM

Wow, Gargoyle, that's a lot of porn!

John, the only image I saw available was still low-res--and the light blue print doesn't help. Oddly, today that link appears to be broken. I was able to improve the legibility a little with photo enhancement software, but I doubt much more could be done short of running it through the kind of programs they use to examine astronomic images or spy photos. The enhancements gave me more confidence in my original guesses, but haven't rendered the questionable bits any clearer.

Could you list some of the other sites you know of with sheet music scans?

In preparing my transcription, I referred to
* "The Constitution and the Guerriere" at American Memory
* The versions of "Monitor and Merrimack" at American Memory; one of them is in the DT
* "The Iron Merrimack" as sung by Judge Learned Hand for the LoC
* Online historical accounts of the encounter and each vessel named.
I verified all personal names, place names and essential details. The sole exception is "Helly Heck". It should be "Hack", to satisfy both the rhyme and the vowel I discern. However, this line must refer to the demise of the "Merrimac" [U.S.S. Virginia] two months later, when she was torched and blown up at dock by her own commander during the evacuation of Norfolk; only then could the North really start cheering.

In short, any errors in my transcription are at least consistent with the historical evidence--no Lady Mondegreens lurking about.

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 27 Apr 07 - 07:03 PM

Unfortunately, my record of sites where I've found sheet music scans is mostly on the individual sheet music that I've saved, so there's no simple way to compile a list of places where I've found things. With the exception of the major repositories that have been mentioned, where I might go to the site to search, it's more often a matter of picking up a Google hit and remembering, when I get to the site, that there may be peculiarities to be observed in getting the bits of information from that site.

Without looking up links (which would be very difficult, requiring that I look at nearly every piece of music I've ever saved) I can recall finding at least three separate collections at Oklahoma Colleges/Universities, at least two in Texas, and some hits into collections in Washington state, Nebraska, and in a couple of back-east places that expect you to "just know" where they are.

I could give you a dump of places I've bookmarked under "Music," but since it's an unmaintained accumulation I'd guess that more than half of the links are no longer good, and quite a few aren't really to anything musical but just happened to get dropped there. (I see several for which I can't figure out why or how they got there.)

John

Subject: RE: Sheet Music - you gotta see this!!!
From: Artful Codger
Date: 07 May 07 - 04:27 AM

Found a pretty good list of sites here.