Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows

Subject: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: wilbyhillbilly
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 01:16 PM

Anyone know if it is possible to create a copyright sign (letter c in a circle) with my keyboard. I am running Windows XP Home Edition.

whb

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Clinton Hammond
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 01:24 PM

It's in your Character Map somewhere... you'll have to cut and paste it probably...

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Seiri Omaar
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 01:33 PM

ALT-0169

Cheers, Seiri.

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Oaklet
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 01:36 PM

©

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: PennyBlack
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 01:38 PM

control+alt+c

PB

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Seiri Omaar
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 01:51 PM

Ctrl alt c does not work in all programs. I believe it is for Word only. Alt-0169 works in WordPerfect, as well as basic text editors like Notepad.

Seiri.

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: PennyBlack
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 02:01 PM

Dat's possible - never tried it in anything else:-)

PB

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 02:12 PM

Assuming that you have Word, if you set up the "autocorrect" function in Word to be turned on, one of the default functions replaces (c) automatically with ©. The rather bizarre and marginally documented "feature" is that when Word is set up to do it, some, but not all other "Office" programs will also do it. A few other (not Office, but Windows compliant) programs seem also to be able to read the preferrences set up in Word.

The more general method is to hold down Alt while you enter 0169 on the NumPad. (This appears to work even in my mudcat "Reply to thread" box.) Since it doesn't work using the number keys at the top of the keyboard, those using laptops may have to do bizarre things to turn on the NumPad equivalent imbedded in their keyboard.

In an html posting, you can just use the "standard" © for the symbol.

As Clinton notes, you can copy the character from the CharMap and paste it.

I don't find the Ctl-Alt-C suggested by PennyBlack as a "generic" method in Windows, but you can create your own "quick key" combinations for characters, and many programs have default quick keys built in. That combination may be associated with some program PB has, or maybe I just don't have the right option turned on in my Windows.

John

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Jeri
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 02:19 PM

Seiri, thanks! I never knew about that combination, or if I did, I forgot. I usually just use MS Word, and it auto-corrects (c) to ©, or I write it out in HTML as '©' and copy/paste the results.

For some reason, the ctrl/0169 doesn't translate to HTML though. I type it in here, and it looks right, but when I submit it, it comes out as a question mark.

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Jeri
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 02:25 PM

...and I lost mah relevence by a-typin' too slow.

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: treewind
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 02:31 PM

Yes, in HTML the only way you should do characters other than standard ASCII is to use the HTML character entities by name. "&" and "£" (done in html as & and £) are often done the wrong way and then don't render properly on other people's browsers. The worst of it is that they do work sometimes, and they are more likely to work on the system you created the HTML on in the first place, so then you don't spot the error.

Anahata

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: GUEST
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 02:58 PM

©

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: GUEST
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 03:13 PM

The worst of it is that they do work sometimes, and they are more likely to work on the system you created the HTML on in the first place, so then you don't spot the error.

Anyone who creates a website/page and only 'tests' it on their own setup is a fool of the first order.

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Seiri Omaar
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 03:33 PM

For some reason, the ctrl/0169 doesn't translate to HTML though.
It's ALT-0169 if that's the problem... otherwise, it works on this end in both Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox in a sample html document on my machine.
Mudcat test: ©

Seiri.

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 03:54 PM

The "Alt-0169" using the NumPad to enter the "0169" is the generic method in ALL Windows versions for inserting an "ANSI" character number. ANY Windows compatible program that sees the number - and recognizes that it is a "character value" - should render the character if that particular character is defined in the "font" that the program is using. With very few exceptions, any Windows compliant program should recognize the Alt-NumPad input method, so it should work in almost any program you can run in Windows. This should include even Word (im)Perfect.

You must hold the Alt key down while you type the complete numerical sequence on the NumPad.
The NumLock toggle must be switched ON.
The "specification" says that the number sequence should begin with a "0" but this isn't always necessary for it to work.

If you are writing an "html script" in plain text, you can code an ASCII or ANSI character number using the general format "©". The "&" tells the html reader that what follows has "logical meaning" rather than just being a string of characters. The "#" tells it that the next stuff is numerical, and is in fact a "character number." Everything that follows is read and interpreted as a "number with logical meanin" up to the next ";" which ends the coding. The numerical sequence is identical to the one you would use to enter an ANSI character value with the Alt-NumPad method.

Typed as plain text in an html script, "©" opened in any html reader, should display/print "©".

Since the "&" character has a "logical" or "code" meaning in html, if you just type the ampersand character, some html pages will recognize it as a single character, and some will try to read everything that follows as "code." Since the recent "modernization of mudcat" you generally can just type the ampersand (&) and your posts will be okay here for most users with most browsers but there's the possibility that you'll get an occasional breakup of a post.

A few "special characters" have html standard abbreviations, and the © copyright symbol can also be entered into a plaintext html script as "©". It should make NO DIFFERENCE to any html page or to any user with any browser which method you use. If the symbol you want appears in a document, you should be able to copy and paste it into a post. You should be able to insert the ANSI character value, either into a document from which you copy and paste or directly into a post using the Alt-NumPad method. You should be able to html "code" a character using the "&#numbers;" format or using the "standard abbreviations "&nameofchar;" format. Unfortunately, none of these methods will always work the way you expect, although odds are pretty good for any of them for most simple stuff.

Microsoft Office programs have a fairly large set of special characters that can be entered using "shortcut keys." If you want to use these shortcuts in an Office program other than Word, you can't turn them on/off in the other program. The Options and Tools settings you make in Word determine what happens in ALL the other Office programs - with a few exceptions. An example would be a Ctl-' followed by a character which should put é, ú, ó, etc in. Ctl-^, Ctl-`, Ctl-~, etc., are others that insert "inflection marks" on the next character you type. (The above were typed in Word, and then pasted here. Hopefully they'll display okay. The worked in my preview.)

John

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: frogprince
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 04:21 PM

© © © Hot dawg; I actually learnt sompin' useful today!

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: The Fooles Troupe
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 05:07 PM

frogprince

2nd useful thing:

"marquee tag" doesn't work in all browsers too!

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Jeri
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 05:59 PM

© <-- if this works, it's only the preview that makes it come out as a question mark. I meant alt/0169, just typed the wrong key.

Funny - I'm using Firefox, which isn't supposed to recognize non-standard HTML, and the marquee is working for me. It's probably just me not knowing something and it doesn't really matter.

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Seiri Omaar
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 07:23 PM

To be honest, there's not a lot Firefox can't do. No matter what people tell you.

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Nigel Parsons
Date: 06 Oct 05 - 08:02 PM

I dunno, Clint Eastwood handled Firefox quite well!

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: wilbyhillbilly
Date: 07 Oct 05 - 11:55 AM

Whew! Thanks to all, what an education, all I've got to do now is try it...............................

Brilliant, it works and even better, I CAN DO IT.


whb

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: GUEST,Ravenheart
Date: 07 Oct 05 - 02:48 PM

John in Kansas, wouldn't &#0169; be Windows-specific, whereas &copy; should work on Macs or whatever?

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 07 Oct 05 - 07:10 PM

Ravenheart -

The general method for coding a character in HTML is &#xxx; where the xxx is the ASCII character number. This is a specifically defined part of the HTML standard(s). Any (almost) character included in the ASCII character set can be encoded this way, and any HTML interpreter should render the correct glyph.

Some ASCII characters have been assigned "character entities," which may be thought of as "character names." These should all be correctly rendered by most HTML interpreters.

The numeric code is somewhat more general, and can be used for almost any ASCII character. Only a few characters have "name entities" like the &amp;, &copy;, etc.

The ampersand, coded as &#038; (&) is just as legal in HTML as if coded &amp; (&).

Either method is perfectly good HTML, and should work fine in any browser, whether it's Windows, Mac, Xnix, or something else.

The HTML standards (older ones at least) do NOT mandate consistent handling for ASCII values in the range from 130 through 159, for some unknown reason; so browser rendering of these characters may be "inconsistent." For similarly vague reasons, there are no "name entities" for any of these characters either. Many glyphs in this range are duplicated elsewhere in the ASCII tables, so it's seldom a problem. As an example, the ASCII character number 155 is a "greater than" sign, but if you code &#155; results may be inconsistent. If you code &#60; or > any browser should render the ASCII value 60 "greater than" glyph (>).

There is nothing "Windows specific" about the &#xxx; coding. It's pure HTML.

John

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Arkie
Date: 08 Oct 05 - 11:33 AM

Thanks John, Seiri, & all for all the information packed in this thread. For those like me who are limited in keyboard skills here is a place to get more alternate codes.

Alternate Codes

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 08 Oct 05 - 01:41 PM

A word of warning about the Alt-Codes.

When you hold down the Alt key while typing a number on the NumPad, a "character number" is inserted into your document. This is a Windows thing.

While the use of character numbers to tell electronic data/text systems what character comes next is almost universal, when you use char nos in Windows, Microsoft is involved, so you know there's got to be a clinker in the process somewhere.

A few people may be aware that in olden times, IBM systems and a few others all used "ebcdic" character encoding, while "Dossy" systems used ASCII. In very simple terms, when a "document" contained a "character number," the system went to a table to look up what "character glyph" to display, and a given character number in "ebcdic" coding showed a different glyph than the same character number would show in ASCII.

A very few "old fossils" may recall that back in the days of DOS, if you wanted to use any "funny characters" you had to put ANSI.SYS in your Autoexec.bat or Config.sys files, to load the additional ANSI lookup table where character numbers from 128 thru 255 were identified.

We now have the UNICODE standard that defines character numbers from zero to "more than you'll ever need," and most systems now reflect the standardization of "character numbers" of the UNICODE system, BUT:

CLINKER NUMBER ONE: Windows will load character code pages when you boot up, but the default pages it loads depend on where you lived when you bought your version of Windows. This means that a "character number" that you insert using the Alt-NumPad method may display a different glyph on a "UK English" Windows system than on a "US English" system.

Since Microsoft designed the various character code pages that are available to Windows, they don't necessarily all "conform" to the UNICODE standard character tables. With some languages, they don't even "resemble" the UNICODE tables.

You can make limited changes to the character code pages that your system loads by selecting a different Language in your setup. It's sometimes useful to change languages in your browser if you run into a page that's got a lot of illegibles. In Internet Explorer, the Tools button in the top toolbar, Internet Options, on the General Tab, gives you a "Language" button where you can change the default. IE is supposed to look in all the char pages for all of the languages listed there if it encounters characters it doesn't recognize; but it doesn't always do a complete lookup, so changing the default (moving another language to the top of the list) sometimes helps.

Control Panel in recent Windows versions has a "Regional and Language Options" item where you can install some additional language support. It's not generally recommended that you install the options offered there unless you actually need them, since some of the stuff is "huge." You can sometimes download additional language pages from Microsoft, as I did for the "simple" Japanese ja page(s), and an individual language page or two won't overload your system.

IE sometimes will prompt you to ask if you wan't to install an unusual language that it runs into. (That's how I got the "Japanese ja" code pages on my machine.)

CLINKER NUMBER TWO: When you buy your computer, the keyboard you get probably will depend on where you buy. UK keyboards are not the same as US keyboards. As an example, UK keyboards (and other euro language keyboards) generally implement "shortcut keys" to enter the "euro" (€) sign. Shortcuts offered by UK users generally don't work on US keyboards, and may or may not work on Canadian ones - depending on whether you live in the French or English parts of the country.

Microsoft solved the "euro" problem for US users by making character code 128 print the euro. The ASCII/ANSI standards did not define a character using this number, so it was "available." So far as I know, any Windows (including Mac) system should be able to insert the "euro" using the Alt-128 character code, but it's NOT AN INTERNATIONALLY STANDARDIZED character number. It's a Microsoft "trick."

The THIRD CLINKER in all this is that character codes (or html numeric codes) are useless if you don't have a "font" loaded and in use that includes a glyph for the character that corresponds to that number. Only a few of the standard Windows fonts are "full sets." There are a couple of fonts (generally symbol/wingding or special purpose) that define as few as a dozen glyphs. If you run into a page - web or document - that has a lot of "undefined" characters, you may just need to switch to a more complete font. (Note that the "undefined" symbol is defined by the font you have loaded. It's usually a "square," but can be almost anything.)

The latest versions of Windows can insert UNICODE character numbers, but it is not recommended that you use this ability except sparingly and in special circumstances. The number of users who can't display "high number" UNICODE characters is still too high to make it a safe practice.

John

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: GUEST,Arne Langsetmo
Date: 08 Oct 05 - 09:28 PM

Just as a general note (now that you all know how to get the actual cpyright symbol in....:

"(c) [date]" or "Copyright [date]" is sufficient to indicate copyright for legal purposes. But copyrightable works are copyrighted at the moment of creation with or without a coyright notice; putting in copyright notices just gets you better legal recourse for violations (as well as warning folks not to rip your stuff off).

FWIW, IANAL, and those with real legal questions should cunsult a real lawyer.

Cheers,

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 09 Oct 05 - 04:11 AM

Arne L offers a good point. It's not enough to know how to produce a symbol, you've also got to know when it's appropriate to do so. We've had many threads realating to copyright, and some of them even have apparently useful information posted.

A summary:

The copyright symbol can be typed (c) in Word or in many other Windows compliant programs, and will be "autocorrected" to ©.
In most office programs you can also use the Alt-169 method to insert the ASCII character number 169, which many Windows compliant programs will display as ©.
You can paste the © character from Word into HTML and it should work just fine.
In HTML, you can code &#169; or &copy; to display ©.

The "registered" mark can be typed (r) in Word or in many other Windows compliant programs and will be "autocorrected" to ®.
In most office programs you can also use the Alt-174 method to insert the ASCII character number 174, which many Windows compliant programs will display as ®.
You can paste the ® character from Word into HTML and it should work just fine.
In HTML, you can code &#174; or &reg; to display ®

The "trademark" symbol can be typed (tm) in Word or in many other Windows compliant programs, and will be "autocorrected" to ™.
In most office programs you can also use the Alt-153 method to insert the ASCII character number 153, which many Windows compliant programs will display as ™.
You can paste the ™ character from Word into HTML and it should work just fine.
In HTML, you can code &#153 or &trade; to display ™.

Anything noted as "Word will … " or "Office programs will … " can be turned on or off, so your results may reflect settings you've changed in your setup. The above are usual results with default settings.

ASCII characters numbered 0 through 29 are generally reserved for "control characters" that have no consistent text representation. ASCII characters go only as far as character 127. The "extended ASCII," or ANSI character set extends this to character number 255, but the HTML standard does not officially recognize characters in the range from 130 through 159, so those characters may not be consistently rendered.

For characters 30 through 129, and 160 through 255, in HTML you should be able to safely use the &#xxx; coding, where the xxx is the ASCII/ANSI character number. (Truly dedicated propellorheads among us may wish to note that the format &#Xhh; may also be used, where the hh is the hexadecimal representation of the same character number.)

You may get by with using some or all of the character numbers 130 through 159, but the standard does not assure consistent rendering of these characters.

You may sometimes get by with using higher numbered characters from the UNICODE character charts, but given the uncertainty about how various browsers will render them their use should be minimized. Theoretically all IE 4.0 and later browsers, and all Netscape 4.0 and later are supposed to be able to render all UNICODE characters if a suitable font is installed. The use of full set UNICODE fonts is not widespread at present, so far as I know.

A few HTML characters in the ranges described above have "character entity names" that may be easier to remember. The officially adopted ones should be just as readily rendered as what you get with the character number coding, so by all means use them if you can remember them.

The only named entities for characters that can normally be typed on standard keyboards (for Western European or US keyboards) are the:

doublequote ("), coded &#034; or &quot;
ampersand (&), coded &#038; or &amp;
lessthan (<), coded &#060 or &lt;
greaterthan (>), coded &#062 or &gt;

By coincidence(?) these are the four characters that have "logical significance" in HTML, and it is recommended that they always be coded. In mudcat posts, an & that's followed by a space usually will be recognized as the ampersand character, rather than as the start of a code sequence, and double quotes don't seem to cause a problem when they appear in plain text; but you should be aware of the "reserved nature" of these four characters. If in doubt, code them when posting to HTML.

Characters from number 160 (nonbreaking space &nbsp;) through 255 (small y umlaut, &yuml;) all have named entity codes, and include most of the characters with diacritical markings that are commonly used in the ISO-Latin character set. The HTML spec actually gives names to about 256 "named entity" characters, with the highest numbered one I've noted at about 9830 (coded &#9830; = ♦ - a diamond if your browser renders it).

It may be of minor interest that these characters, (160 thru 255 (and beyond?)) along with characters from languages such as Russian and Japanese are called "international characters" by Microsoft, and are always embedded in html pages by either their named character code or by their UNICODE numerical code. (Generally this encoding applies to any character not in the char set you use when you create the page.) This means that even if you can't see a character, it's in the document and should be visible if you load a "language" for which it's glyph appears in the character page(s) associated with that language..

Clinkers:

1. Microsoft warns that inserting symbols using the "Insert|Symbol" method (esp in Word) may give variable results when text is pasted into HTML (as in 'cat posts), unless you are very careful about inserting them in the font that contains them as defined glyphs. My own recommendation would be that you use the CharMap, select the font that contains the glyph/symbol you want, and copy and paste into your document. Ignore the existence of the "Insert|Symbol" utility entirely, as it can cause serious problems in many places in addition to HTML posts. You can also safely use the Alt-NumPad method to insert a character number, and then format the individual character to a font where the correct glyph appears. With most fonts you're likely to use, you can paste such symbol characters into an HTML post and most readers' browsers should render them correctly.

2. Office programs automate a lot of quick-key routines for getting "special characters" but Word is the "Master Program" where you set up which of these routines you want to use. The macros that implement these are contained only in Word. All other Office programs, and some other Windows compliant programs, "inherit" autocorrect functions from Word. If for some reason you don't have Word installed, or you delete/uninstall it when you elect to use another word processor, it is likely that none of these functions will work in any Office programs or generally in other compliant programs. There simply is no way to tell Windows that the functions should be "turned on" for other programs except through settings in Word, and the required macros don't exist if Word is removed.

3. Several standard/default Word autocorrect substitutions change things to "noncompliant characters." Curly quotes (single and double), n-dashes, m-dashes, and the ellipsis character all appear in the "nondefined" range of characters between 130 and 159, and your results may be unpredictable if you paste text containing these characters into an HTML post. Curly quotes likely cause the most difficulty, since the double-quote is an HTML "escape character" used to define the beginning and end of text strings. HTML browsers may not recognize the curly ones, or – disaster at work – may recognize one end of the string and not the other if curlies are used.

There may be a quiz at our next meeting. (or not.)

John

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: wilbyhillbilly
Date: 09 Oct 05 - 07:35 AM

Thank you John for that short summary, it has taught me a lot of stuff I didn't know.

If I keep this up I will shortly begin to understand some of what I'm trying to do.


whb

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 09 Oct 05 - 01:43 PM

Thank you John for that short summary

Brevity is the hallmark of my posts, of course.

(We need a standard abbreviation - perhaps " :-( _SW " for "sarcastic wit")

We've mixed a whole bunch of Windows, Word, HTML, and even UNICODE stuff here, which makes things look a lot more complicated than they really are. Unfortunately all those things get into the act when you try to use this stuff.

John

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: wilbyhillbilly
Date: 10 Oct 05 - 11:41 AM

OOPs! John I can assure you my comments were definitely not meant to be sarcastic at all, I really appreciated the information, and I have learnt a lot from them,as I have in the past from other posts you have made.

Please keep up the good work.

whb

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 10 Oct 05 - 02:12 PM

whb -

No, willy, it was my own comment about "my proclivity for terse and brief comments" that I meant was sarcastic. I should, in fact, have thanked you for sticking with it long enough to have found something useful, and I do appreciate your comments.

I like to blame my "writing style" on my half-century of writing technical specifications; but in fact a lot of it comes from my experience trying to make technical stuff comprehensible to "managers in large corporations." (Some of the ones I've worked with could overcome anyone's uncertainty about their own personal competence.)

My sister has claimed since I was about twelve that it's just because I "neglected to develop a personality."

John

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: katlaughing
Date: 10 Oct 05 - 02:40 PM

What I want to know is when are you gonna publish, JohninKS? All of the stuff you've written for us over the years...oughta be in a book.:-)

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: Arkie
Date: 10 Oct 05 - 02:43 PM

John it is nice to have technical information presented in an understandable format.   In my experience that is a rare thing, and I too am appreciative of your effort in helping make computer language accessible to those computer challenged folk like me. I know enough to know that there is power in the keyboard and well as certain dangers. You have helped make it all clearer and more useful. Thanks.

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 10 Oct 05 - 03:11 PM

kat -

You ought to know that publishing books is really hard work. And "she" is a professional editor so she'd be really fussy (pain in the ass fussy) and she'd be impossible to live with if I worked with anyone else.

It's also been suggested (by SWMBO - "get off your fat lazy ass and bring in some money") I should "consult" and charge fees. People don't understand that when you make it a business, you have to solve all of the problems. Here I can ignore the ones that might be real problems. It's a lot more fun.

Mostly I post "tech stuff" here because it gives me a chance to look things up and learn something. (And because we've already posted most of the "music stuff" from our vast library and knowledge.)

John

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: katlaughing
Date: 10 Oct 05 - 03:19 PM

Yeah, I do, at that, sans the at-home editor, though!**bg**

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: The Fooles Troupe
Date: 10 Oct 05 - 06:08 PM

John,

most technical things look complicated to the non-technical person. Unfortunately, to the technical person, they often are.

(from one techie nerd to another)

Subject: RE: Tech: Copyright Sign? Windows
From: JohnInKansas
Date: 11 Oct 05 - 12:00 AM

The original question here was about making less frequently used characters in Windows. Most unusual Windows characters can be found, at least in recent versions of Word, by entering "keyboard" in the search box in Word|Help. The related question of how to show similarly obscure characters in HTML has crept in, however.

While there are numerous websites that give the numerical and "character entity names" for extended characters, it is to be noted that some damfoolidjet actually once posted many of them right here on the 'cat.

At HTML test thread 2 and the immediately following dozen or so posts, you'll find a summary of some of the provisions of ISO HTML 4.0 followed by a posting of all, or nearly all of the "named entity" characters given by the HTML specification. Here you can see for yourself that most of them actually do work (or don't, depending on your browser and fonts) at mudcat.

(Although HTML 4.0 is now sort of obsolete, the characters are generally unchanged.)

This is for the curious only, and will not be on our next quiz.

Note that there are a few errors in the posting, but you'll find them if/when you try to use one of the few characters where they occur.

Please by kind and confine your browsing to the cited dozen posts. This thread also may serve as a reminder of how much better things are since the "HTML Practice" thread concept appeared, and embarrassing and very ancient "learning" posts can be expected to disappear and not haunt one eternally.

John